지혜 개념과 그 계발 = The Concept of Wisdom and It's Development

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The aim of this study is to clarify the concept of wisdom and it's development in terms of leadership educationally, philosophically, analytically. Wisdom is a way of being and is fundamentally practical in a complex and uncertain world. Wisdom is concerned less with how much we know and more with what we do and how we act. Wisdom is characterized as uncommon, common sense, being able to see the forest as well as the trees. The practical wisdom we describe is not the luxury of unworldly sages. Wisdom comes from vision, generosity, patience, right effort, mindfulness, discernment, and clarity. Wisdom is essentially practical. Wisdom is dependent on ethics, judgement, insight, creativity, imagination, and foresight, and the competence to contribute to the community. Wisdom is concerned less with how much we know and more with what we do and how we act. Wisdom is fundamentally practical in a complex and uncertain world. Wisdom requires knowledge but not necessarily a great accumulation of it. While knowledge that is constantly changing helps us decide and solve, it also produces ambiguity and complexity. Wise leaders allow for non-rational and subjective elements when making decisions. Wise leaders occasionally acknowledge the sensory and visceral as important components of decision-making and judgment. Wise leaders have a metaphysical, even spiritual, quality that does not bind them absolutely to the rules of reason thereby enabling vision, insight and foresight. Because wise leaders are humane, they produce virtuous and tolerant decisions. Wise leaders reason carefully and logically, use good judgment to reach better decisions. Wise leaders allow for non-rational and subjective elements when making decisions. Because wise leaders are humane, they produce virtuous and tolerant decisions. Wise people as leaders respect experience and tradition. They have a capacity to deal effectively with uncertainty. The interpersonal leader's task is “to smooth the path of human interaction.”The institutional leader's task, however, is “the promotion and protection of values.” In conclusion, wisdom is particularly appropriate to contemporary leadership. Understanding and developing wisdom-centerd leadership practice is required in education society. The methods to cultivate the wisdom are knowledge, study, reflection, experience, communication, discipline, application, insight, discovery, interpretation, meditation and concentration.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서언
• Ⅱ. 지혜의 개념
• Ⅲ. 지혜의 계발
• Ⅳ. 결언 : 지혜의 리더십
• 참고문헌
• Abstract

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 고영건, "한국인의 정서적 지혜: 한의 삭힘" 한국학중앙연구원 28 (28): 255-290, 2005

2 노안영, "한국과 미국의 상담심리학자들이 지각하는 지혜의 비교" 9 (9): 217-243, 1998

3 Trine, R. W., "탁월한 지혜" 오죽헌 1992

4 박영주, "초등도덕교육의 목적으로 본 실천적 지혜" 11 : 107-125, 2009

5 이수림, "질적 분석을 통한 상담과정 중 내담자 지혜 발달 연구" 한국상담심리학회 21 (21): 791-813, 2009

6 Goenka, S. N., "지혜의 개발 - 비파사나 수행법" 길 출판사 1994

7 송남순, "지혜를 키우는 교육" 156 : 442-450, 1989

8 김종욱, "지식에서 지혜로: 지식기반사회에 대한 불교적 성찰" 대한철학회 99 : 109-132, 2006

9 김광률, "오늘의 대학생을 위한 지혜교육" 한국대학선교학회 (17) : 143-170, 2009

10 김기수, "아리스토텔레스의 실천적 지혜와 교육의 실제" 17 : 9-27, 1997

11 최재경, "송복교수의 고별강의" 2002

12 한준상, "생의 가(痂)" 학지사 2009

13 이병주, "동양사상과 경영" 성균관대학교 유교문화연구소 2005

14 Ylimaki, R. M., "Wisdom-centred educational leadership" 12 (12): 13-33, 2009

15 McKenna, B., "Wisdom principles as a meta-theoretical basis for evaluating leadership" 20 : 177-190, 2009

16 Sternberg, R. J., "Wisdom : its nature, origins, and development" Cambridge University Press 1990

17 Wang, P., "Top management perception of strategic information processing in a turbulent environment" 16 (16): 33-43, 1995

18 Winter, S., "The competitive challenge: strategies for industrial innovation and renewal" Ballinger 1987

19 Schwenk, C. R., "The cognitive perspective on strategic decision making" 25 : 4-655, 1988

20 Kihlstrom, J. F., "Social intelligence. in: Handbook of intelligence" Cambridge University Press 2000

21 Avolio, B. J., "Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the multifactor leadership questionnaire" 72 : 441-462, 1999

22 Rooney, D., "Public policy in knowledge-based economies: Foundations and frameworks" Edward Elgar 2003

23 Srivastva, S., "Organizational wisdom and executive courage" The New Lexington Press 1998

24 Aristotle, "Nicomachean ethics" The Peripatetic Press 1984

25 Weick, K. E., "Mundane poetics: Searching for wisdom in organization studies" 25 : 658-668, 2004

26 Eflin, J., "Epistemic presuppositions and their consequences" 34 : 48-67, 2003

27 Rogers, E. M., "Diffusion of innovations" 1980

28 Bigelow, J., "Developing managerial wisdom" 1 : 143-153, 1992

29 Crisp, R., "Aristotle: Ethics and politics From Aristotle to Augustine, Vol. 2" Routledge 1997

30 Goodwin, V. L., "A test of relationships in a model of organizational cognitive complexity" 19 : 371-386, 1998

31 Sternberg, R. J., "A model of educational leadership: Wisdom, intelligence, and creativity, synthesized" 8 (8): 347-364, 2005

32 Baltes, P. B., "A metaheuristic (pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence" 55 : 122-136, 2000

33 Sternberg, R. J., "A balance theory of wisdom" 2 : 347-365, 1998

34 Rooney, D., "A Model of the materia l, mental, historical and social character of knowledge. in: The handbook on the knowledge economy" Edward Elgar 9-36, 2005