Police-community relations and the administration of justice

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• PREFACE = xiii
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS = xv
• 1 : POLICE-COMMUNITY RELATIONS : AN OVERVIEW = 1
• The Police-Community Environment = 2
• Defining Police-Community Relations = 3
• Acceptance of the Concept of Police-Community Relations = 4
• Acceptance as a Sign of Progress = 4
• Tight Finances and Their Effects = 5
• A Historical Perspective = 5
• Selling the Police to the People = 7
• Internalizing Community Relations = 14
• Systems and Communities = 16
• The Many Communities in Community Relations = 18
• Conclusions = 20
• 2 : PUBLIC RELATIONS AND COMMUNITY RELATIONS : A CONTRAST = 26
• Public Relations and ／ or Community Relations = 27
• Common Framework for Analyzing Community and Public Relations = 30
• Processes Involved in the Activity = 32
• Citizen Involvement = 35
• Program Examples = 38
• Conclusions = 45
• 3 : COMMUNITY POLICING = 57
• The Police in the United States = 58
• The Evolution of Police Service Models = 59
• The Development of Community Police Models = 63
• The Current Status of Community Policing = 68
• Community Policing Applications = 71
• Recommendations for Implementing Community Policing = 76
• Conclusions = 79
• 4 : THE PUBLIC AND THE POLICE : A CONSORTIUM OF COMMUNITIES = 83
• The External Communities = 85
• The Internal Communities = 94
• Conclusions = 96
• 5 : RELATIONS WITHIN THE POLICE ORGANIZATION = 103
• Life Inside a Police Organization = 104
• The Formal Organization = 104
• Organizational Units = 107
• The Informal Organization = 111
• Police Organizational Considerations = 112
• Dealing with Other Employees = 116
• Dealing with Subordinates = 118
• Dealing with Peers = 120
• Conclusions = 121
• 6 : POLICE ROLE CONCEPT IN A CHANGING SOCIETY = 125
• Great Expectations = 126
• Perception = 127
• Role Concept = 132
• The Police Officer's Role = 133
• Police Role Conflict = 136
• Formation of Role Concepts = 137
• The Media and Role Concepts = 139
• Factors and Conditions of Change = 140
• The Paradoxes of Police Practice = 143
• Toward a Realistic Role Concept = 144
• Toward a Congruent Role = 145
• Elements of Change = 145
• Criteria for Change = 147
• Policing in a Changing Society = 147
• Conclusions = 149
• 7 : COPING WITH THE HUMAN EXPERIENCE OF BEING A COP = 154
• Change and the Police = 155
• What Policing Does to the Police = 156
• The Social Hazards of Policing = 157
• Health Hazards = 161
• Coping with Being a Cop = 168
• Conclusions = 173
• 8 : THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS = 177
• Communication in Action = 178
• The Process of Communication = 179
• Modes of Interpersonal Communication = 181
• Verbal and Paralanguage Cues = 182
• Kinesics and Proxemics Cues = 186
• Symbolic Cues = 190
• Official Communication = 191
• Effective Listening = 191
• Empathy = 193
• Blocks to Effective Communication = 194
• Strategies of Change = 199
• Conclusions = 201
• 9 : POLICE DISCRETION AND COMMUNITY RELATIONS = 207
• Discretion in the System = 208
• Selective and Discriminatory Enforcement = 210
• Decision Making at an Administrative Level = 212
• Decision Making at an Operational Level = 214
• Justifications for Selective Enforcement = 216
• The Question of Professionalism = 220
• Legal Authority for Selective Enforcement = 221
• Writs of Mandamus = 223
• Selective Enforcement and Appropriate Guidelines = 224
• Structuring Police Discretion = 226
• Looking Toward Tomorrow = 228
• Conclusions = 229
• 10 : THE MEDIA LINK = 234
• Massive Media Impact = 235
• Community Relations Context = 236
• Commitment to Crime Coverage = 236
• Exploitation of Crime News = 238
• Public Reaction to Media Coverage = 239
• Conflict Between Media and Police = 241
• A Clear Need for Guidelines = 243
• Setting Guidelines = 252
• Ongoing Problems = 257
• Strategies for the Future = 257
• New Mutual Goals = 261
• Conclusions = 262
• 11 : SPECIAL POPULATIONS AND THE POLICE = 268
• Special Problems for the Police = 269
• Understanding the Young = 270
• Understanding the Elderly = 273
• Understanding the Disabled = 277
• Youth, the Elderly, and the Disabled : Shared Problems = 283
• Youth, the Elderly, and the Disabled : A Few Contrasts = 289
• The Problems with Programs = 290
• A New Approach = 291
• Conclusions = 294
• 12 : COMMUNITY RELATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF CULTURE = 300
• The Cultural Context of Community Relations = 302
• Cross-Cultural Factors = 306
• Improving Community Relations in the Context of Culture = 324
• Conclusions = 329
• 13 : THE DILEMMAS OF DISSENT AND POLITICAL RESPONSE = 334
• Dissent : Catalyst of Progress = 335
• Arenas for Dissent = 341
• Strategies of Dissent and Response = 344
• Escalation and De-escalation of Conflict = 349
• Outcomes = 352
• The Battle of Seattle = 359
• Conclusions = 362
• 14 : CONFLICT MANAGEMENT = 366
• Maintaining an Orderly Community = 367
• Crisis Negotiations = 368
• A Broader Concept = 370
• Conflict Intervention at the Community Level = 378
• Conclusions = 380
• 15 : COMMUNITY CONTROL : A CONTINUUM OF PARTICIPATION = 384
• The Concept of Community Control = 385
• Development of Community Control = 387
• Systems and Community Values = 389
• Two Types of Community Control = 391
• Conclusions = 400
• 16 : POLICE-COMMUNITY RELATIONS IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM = 403
• World and National Events = 404
• Improving Police Community Relations in the New Millennium = 406
• Choosing a Community-Specific Strategy = 407
• Conclusions = 408
• Appendix : Case Studies = 411
• Index = 417