중국어의 비(非)화제 주어 (1) = Non-topic Subjects in Chinese

국문 초록 (Abstract)

Li & Thompson(1976)에 따라 많은 학자들이 중국어를 화제 부각형 언어로 분류한다. 하지만 일부 학자들은 여전히 중국어의 주어를 화용적 화제로 이해하고, 심지어 중국어에는 통사적 주어는 없고, 오직 화용적 화제만 존재한다고 주장한다. 본고는 통사, 정보구조, 운율적 특징 및 범언어적 비교를 통해 최소한 1) 주어가 대조초점인 경우 2) 주어가 정보초점인 경우 3) 주어가 문장 초점문에 사용된 경우 4) 주어가 초점 운용자의 결속을 받는 경우 5) 비한정 주어문일 경우 6) 신정보 주어문일 경우 7) 최소 양화 주어문일 경우에는 주절의 주어가 화제가 아니며, 특히 종속절에서는 그러한 경우가 더욱 많음을 주장한다. 중국어의 주어와 화제는 많은 공통점을 가지지만 엄연히 독립적인 통사 성분인 것이다. 나아가 범언어적 관점에서 주어와 화제의 관계를 살피고, 이를 통해 주어의 원형은 행위자라는 관점을 지지한다. 주어는 행위자 원형을 중심으로 다양한 의미역으로 확대될 수 있으나, 그 원근 거리는 언어마다 차이를 보일 수 있다. 화제 부각형 언어의 주어는 다른 유형의 주어보다 화제적 특성이 뚜렷하지만, 그렇다고 비화제적 행위자 성분이 주어가 될 수 없는 것은 아니다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Many Chinese linguists agree to various degrees that Chinese is a topic-prominent language, as is proposed by Li ＆ Thompson (1976). It is presupposed in Li and Thompson’s theory that subject and topic are not identical. Many grammarians, however, still hold the viewpoint initially claimed by Yuen-Ren Chao and Charles Hockett that all subjects in Chinese clauses are topics pragmatically. Since in Chinese there is no overt morphosyntactic marking specified on subjects and the subjects do often function as pragmatic topics, it is rather difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish the two overlapping notions. This paper aims to set a cluster of criteria under which one can specify situations where subjects are definitely not topics. The criteria are based on syntax, information structure, prosody and cross-linguistic comparison. By the application of these criteria to Mandarin Chinese, the paper identifies seven situations in which subjects are not topics, i.e. 1) subject is a contrastive focus; 2) subject is an information focus; 3) the whole sentence is in focus; 4) subject is indefinite; 5) subject is bound by a focus-sensitive operator; 6) subject is determined by a minimal quantifier, and, 7) subject is new information. In many cases, non-topic subject occurs in a thetic judgement rather than a categorical judgement. Finally, the paper revisits the issue concerning relationships between subject and topic in general. The author agrees with M. Shibatani that cross-linguistically the prototypical subject is the agent semantically. Languages vary in how far a subject can deviate from the role of agent. In many languages, some non-agent elements with topicality are not allowed to serve as subjects while any agent element, even being in focus, can freely occur as subject. In topic-prominent languages like Chinese, subjects bear topicality more often than in other languages; yet, subjects without topicality, i.e. non-topic subjects are still allowed in a considerable number of cases, as is shown in this paper.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 沈園, "邏輯判斷基本類型及其在語言中的反映" (3) : 2000

2 蔣紹愚, "近代漢語語法史研究綜述" 商務印書館 2005

3 羅仁地, "語言學論叢 第30輯" 商務印書館 2004

4 科姆裏, "語言共性和語言類型" 華夏出版社 1989

5 朱德熙, "語法講義" 商務印書館 1982

6 王燦龍, "語法研究和探索(十二)" 商務印書館 2003

7 楊成凱, "話題與焦點新論" 上海教育出版社 2005

8 屈承熹, "話題與焦點新論" 上海教育出版社 2005

9 Chu, Chauncey, "話題與焦點新論" 上海教育出版社 2005

10 徐烈炯, "話題的結構與功能" 上海教育出版社 1998

11 張和友, "與空語類相關的特異型“是”字句的句法、語義" (1) : 2010

12 劉丹青, "當代語言學理論漢語研究" 商務印書館 2008

13 霍凱特, "現代語言學教程" 北京大學出版社 1986

14 張斌, "現代漢語描寫語法" 商務印書館 2010

15 呂叔湘, "現代漢語八百詞" 商務印書館 1980

16 徐烈炯, "焦點結構和意義的研究" 外語教學與研究出版社 2005

17 範繼淹, "無定NP 主語句" (5) : 1985

18 劉丹青, "漢語類指成分的語義屬性和句法屬性" (5) : 2002

19 沈家煊, "漢語裏的名詞和動詞" 商務印書館 (1) : 2007

20 劉丹青, "漢語的若幹顯赫範疇——語言庫藏類型學視角" (3) : 2012

21 陳國華, "漢語的無標記非主語話題" (3) : 2010

22 劉丹青, "漢語的形式與功能研究" 商務印書館 2009

23 陸爍, "漢語無定主語的語義允准分析" (6) : 2009

24 野田尚史, "日語主題助詞は與主格助詞が" 人民教育出版社 2003

25 陸儉明, "周遍性主語及其他" (3) : 1986

26 趙元任, "北京口語語法" 中國青年出版社 1954

27 曹逢甫, "主題在漢語中的功能研究——邁向語段分析的第一步" 語文出版社 1995

28 Comrie, Bernard, "Topics, grammaticalized topics, and subjects" 14 : 265-280, 1988

29 Xu, Liejiong, "The Referential Properties of Chinese Noun Phrases" EHESS 1997

30 Givon, Talmy, "Syntax: A Functional-Typological Introduction" John Benjamins 1984

31 Li, Charles N., "Subject and Topic" Academic Press 457-498, 1976

32 Chafe, Wallace, "Subject and Topic" Academic Press 457-498, 1976

33 Gundel, Jeanette, "Studies in Syntactic Typology" John Benjamins Publishing Company 209-239, 1988

34 Lambrecht, Knud, "Information Structure and Sentence Form: Topics, Focus, and the Mental Representations of Discourse Referents" Cambridge University Press 1994

35 Shibatani, Masayoshi, "Approaches to Grammaticalization, Vol. II" John Benjamins 93-133, 1991

36 Chao, Yuen Ren, "A G rammar of Spoken Chinese" University of California Press 1968