도시녹지 평가를 위한 경관지수의 스케일 민감성 분석 = Analysis of Scale Sensitivity of Landscape Indices for the Assessment of Urban Green Areas

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Landscape indices are effective tools to explain the spatial structure and patterns of ecological landscape including area/density, shape, core area, isolation/proximity, contagion/interspersion, and connectivity. More than 100 indices have been developed and an increasing amount of research explains changes in urban spaces using the indices. However, landscape indices have a high level of sensitivity to the scale of analysis - grain size and extent. If the scale sensitivity of indices is not considered, the research may produce inaccurate results. This study examines the scale sensitivity of landscape indices to find relatively stable indices in the complex geographical features of Korea. The scale sensitivity was analyzed using 20 categories of grain size and 41 categories of extent change. Landsat TM and ETM+ images of five years - 1985, 1991, 1996, 2000 and 2003 - were used, and 54 class level indices mounted on the FRAGSTATS program were examined. The results are as follows: First, according to the analysis of the scale sensitivity, 19 out of 54 class level indices were found to be stable to scale change. Second, the scale sensitivity was closely related to the green area ratio, and the typical threshold of change was $40{\sim}50%$. Third, among the 16 indices which were frequently used in the research in Korea, only 6 indices were relatively stable to the scale change. These results can be an effective basis for the selection of indices in the landscape ecology research in Korea.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 안동만, "환경친화적인 도시공원녹지계획 연구 - 생물서식처 연결성 향상을 위한 서울시 녹지조성 방안을 중심으로 -" 한국조경학회 31 (31): 34-41, 2003

2 정성관, "토지이용변화에 따른 경산시의 경관구조 분석" 한국지리정보학회 5 (5): 9-18, 2002

3 이상우, "최근 미국 조경생태학의 새로운 연구동향과 전망 (1) : 지리생태학적 접근방법의 대두" 환경과 조경 2003년 2월호. 2003

4 정종철, "식생지수에 의한 경관파편화의 해석기법" 2 (2): 16-22, 1999

5 김현옥, "도시산림 분석을 위한 인공위성 영상자료의 분류기법 연구" 서울시립대학교 대학원 1999

6 안동만, "도시공원의 경관생태학적 분석 - 패취의 형태지수와 분산도 분석을 중심으로" 23 (23): 12-19, 1996

7 정성관, "도시경관계획수립을 위한 경관파편화에 관한 연구" 한국지리정보학회 6 (6): 11-20, 2003

8 김훈희, "도농통합지역의 녹지환경정비모델에 관한 연구 2 - 천안의 녹지구조변화를 중심으로 -" 26 (26): 105-112, 1999

9 최원영, "대구광역도시권의 시공간적 경관구조 변화패턴 분석" 한국지리정보학회 8 (8): 175-185, 2005

10 정성관, "낙동강 유역의 선형개박사업이 산림 단편화에 미치는 영향" 한국환경영향평가학회 11 (11): 117-128, 2002

11 박경훈, "금호강 유역 산림의 경관생태적 패턴분석" 한국지리정보학회 7 (7): 22-34, 2004

12 오정학, "경관메트릭스를 이용한 금호강 유역 산림경관의 시 공간적 변화탐지" 한국지리정보학회 8 (8): 81-94, 2005

13 오충원, "가변적 공간 단위의 문제를 고려한 지가 변동의 시공간 분석" 한국GIS학회 10 (10): 185-199, 2002

14 Openshaw,S, "“A geographical solution to scale and aggregation problems in region-building, partitioning and spatial modeling”" Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 459-472, 1977

15 Frohn, R. C., "Using satellite remote sensing analysis to evaluate a socio-economic and ecological model of deforestation in Rondonia, Brazil" 17 (17): 3233-3255, 1996

16 Li, H, "Use and misuse of landscape indices" 19 : 389-, 2004

17 이응경, "Trend of forest fragmentation in the lower region of the Han River basin" 서울대학교 환경대학원 1998

18 Openshaw, S, "The modifiable areal unit problem. In: Quantitative geography: A British view" Routledge and Kegan Paul, London. 60-69, 1981

19 Hargis, C. D., "The influence of forest fragmentation and landscape pattern on American Martens" 36 : 157-172, 1998

20 Li, X., "The adequacy of different landscape metrics for various landscape patterns" 38 : 2626-2638, 2005

21 이상우, "Review of Issues and Problems in Using Landscape Ecology Indices" 한국조경학회 32 (32): 73-83, 2004

22 Frohn,R.C, "Remote sensing for landscape ecology: New metric indicators for monitoring, modeling, and assessment of ecosystem" Lewis Publishers, New York, NY. 1998

23 Gardner,R.H, "RULE: map generation and a spatial analysis program. In:Landscape ecological analysis: Issues and applications" Springer, New York. 1999

24 Elkie, P., "Patch analyst user's manual(NWST Technology Manual TM-002)" Ontario 1999

25 Wu, J., "Multiscale analysis of landscape heterogeneity: Scale variance and pattern metrics" 6 (6): 6-19, 2000

26 Griffith, J. A., "Landscape structure analysis of Kansas at three scales" 53 : 45-61, 2000

27 Saura, S, "Landscape patterns simulation with a modified random clusters method" 15 (15): 661-78, 2000

28 McGarigal,K, "Landscape pattern metrics in:1981, The modifiable areal unit problem. In: Quantitative geography: A British view" 2 : 1135-1142, 2002

29 Frohn, R. C, "Landscape metric performance in analyzing two decades of deforestation in the Amazon Basin of Rondonia, Brazil" 100 : 237-251, 2006

30 Turner, M. G., "Landscape ecology in theory and practice: Pattern and process" Springer, New York, NY. 2001

31 Antrop, M, "Holistic aspects of suburban landscapes: visual image interpretation and landscape metrics" 50 : 43-58, 2000

32 박소윤, "GIS를 활용한 산림생태계 평가에 있어 경관지수 기법의 적용방안" 대구가톨릭대학교 2003

33 국토연구원, "GIS 기반 공간분석방법론 개발 연구"

34 손학기, "GIS 공간유형분석 모형을 이용한 경관 규모 생태계의 평가기법" 8 (8): 233-241, 2000

35 Mcgarigal, K, "FRAGSTATS: Spatial pattern analysis program for quantifying landscape structure" 1995

36 Shen, W., "Evaluating empirical scaling relations of pattern metrics with simulated landscapes" 27 : 459-469, 2004

37 Wu, J., "Empirical pattern of the effects of changing scale on landscape metrics" 17 : 761-782, 2002

38 Saura,S, "Effects of remote sensor spatial resolution and data aggregation on selected fragmentation indices" 19 : 197-209, 2004

39 Saura,S, "Effects of minimum mapping unit on land cover spatial configuration and composition" 23 (23): 4853-4880, 2002

40 Wu,J, "Effects of changing scale on landscape pattern analysis: Scaling relations" 19 : 125-138, 2004

41 Ricotta, C., "Beware of contagion" 62 : 173-177, 2003

42 Mladenoff, D. J, "APACK 2.22. Software User’s Guide. Department of Forest Ecology and Management, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Available online at: http://land scape. forest.wisc.edu/projects/ APACK/apack. html. Morrison M.A. and HallOpenshaw., S., A 1977, geographic solution to scale and aggregation problems in region building, partitioning and spatial modeling. Institute of British Geographers, Transactions 2"

43 Cain, D. H., "A multi-scale analysis of landscape statistics" 12 : 199-212, 1997