This study examines the legal relationship that arises when a patent is invalidated after the completion of a patent assignment agreement. The prevailing theory in Korea, the ‘Doctrine of Original Impossibility’, is based on the retroactive effect...
This study examines the legal relationship that arises when a patent is invalidated after the completion of a patent assignment agreement. The prevailing theory in Korea, the ‘Doctrine of Original Impossibility’, is based on the retroactive effect of patent invalidation (Patent Act Art. 133(3)). This doctrine posits that the patent is deemed non-existent from the time of the contract, rendering the agreement void due to original impossibility. This leads to legal remedies such as unjust enrichment or warranty liability analogous to the sale of another's right (Civil Act Art. 570).
This paper, however, argues that the ‘Doctrine of Original Impossibility’ misinterprets both the legal nature of retroactive effect and the true essence of a patent transaction. First, the retroactive effect is a ‘legal fiction’ primarily intended for public policy purposes, such as exempting third parties from past infringement liability. It should not be interpreted to automatically nullify a private contract that was fully executed in reliance on the patent's de facto validity (presumption of administrative act's validity). Second, given the inherent limitations of patent examination and high invalidation rates, a patent right is not a "perfect right" but rather a "Probabilistic Right" or a "Risk Asset." It is unreasonable to assume that the potential invalidity of the patent leads to the invalidity of the transaction itself, considering the intentions of the parties and the security of patent transactions. The true intention of the parties lies in the 'speculative transaction'(gewagte Geschäfte)’ of trading the ‘risky asset’ itself. The assignee accepts this risk in exchange for the "strategic value" (e.g., freedom to operate, de facto exclusivity) enjoyed prior to invalidation.
Based on this analysis, this paper proposes reframing the issue not as one of original impossibility, but as one of warranty liability. It introduces a 'Dualistic Model of Warranty Liability' that distinguishes the cause of invalidation: (1) For a 'Defect in Title' (e.g., application by a non-inventor), the assignor should be held liable under warranty, as this is not a risk the assignee agreed to assume. (2) For a 'Technical Defect' (e.g., lack of novelty or inventive step), this is the realization of the inherent risk of the "probabilistic right." As a default rule, the assignee bears this risk (Caveat Emptor), barring special warranties or the assignor's bad faith. This 'Dualistic Model' aims to overcome the legal instability and the 'risk-free option' problem created by the 'Doctrine of Original Impossibility,' establishing a legal framework that better aligns with transactional reality and the parties' rational intent.