The purpose of this study is to identify similarities between the Buddhist Four Noble Truths and the structure of human growth—specifically, the emergence and overcoming of suffering—as presented in Adlerian Individual Psychology, and to examine w...
The purpose of this study is to identify similarities between the Buddhist Four Noble Truths and the structure of human growth—specifically, the emergence and overcoming of suffering—as presented in Adlerian Individual Psychology, and to examine whether the Noble Eightfold Path, the practical system for implementing the Four Noble Truths, can function as a mechanism for cultivating a sense of community, which is central to Adlerian Individual Psychology.
This study focuses on the reality that the comparison and isolation resulting from the individualization and competitive environment of modern society intensify individuals’ feelings of inferiority and psychological suffering. Based on the theoretical need to explain such suffering and inferiority within a structural context, this research is necessary because the universality of suffering and the possibility of its overcoming, as presented by the Four Noble Truths and Adlerian Individual Psychology, can provide an effective explanatory and responsive framework for psychological issues.
The Four Noble Truths recognize suffering as a universal experience that all human beings must endure, identify craving as its cause, and present the Eightfold Path—the path of practice leading to the state of nirvana, which is the cessation of craving—as the way to achieve this cessation. Adler viewed feelings of inferiority as a natural part of human development and saw the pursuit of superiority—the effort to overcome these feelings—as the driving force of growth. Furthermore, he posits an ideal goal as the ultimate objective and emphasizes the restoration of a sense of community as the means to achieve it. Through this examination, we can confirm that both perspectives share a common structure: they take the awareness of deficiency as the starting point for growth and seek to overcome suffering by dismantling self-centeredness and restoring connections with others from an interdependent perspective. However, the following differences can be identified between the two theories. While Buddhism emphasizes inner practice and enlightenment, with Nirvana (liberation) through the cessation of craving and ignorance as its ultimate goal, Adler focuses on social usefulness—contributing to the community by overcoming feelings of inferiority—and places great importance on the restoration of a sense of community through the restructuring of one’s lifestyle and counseling and educational interventions. Based on this discussion, this study proposes the Eightfold Path as a practical and actionable model for cultivating a sense of community. Right View and Right Thought help individuals realize that they are part of the community through a shift in perspective and an understanding of interdependent origination, while Right Speech, Right Speech, Right Action, and Right Livelihood provide practical guidelines for daily life—such as in speech, behavior, and career choices—enabling a life that contributes to the community without harming others; and Right Mindfulness, Right Effort, and Right Concentration serve to sustain the awareness and practice of a sense of community through mindfulness, persistent effort, and focus.
As this paper is limited to a literature and theoretical review, it needs to be supplemented by follow-up research that includes the development of practical programs and their application in real-world settings. The significance of this study lies in its comparative analysis of the Four Noble Truths and Adler’s process of overcoming inferiority complex as growth structures involving the emergence and overcoming of suffering, and in its proposal of the Noble Eightfold Path as a framework for cultivating a sense of community. It explores the possibility of overcoming the suffering caused by individualization and endless competition in modern society through the restoration of interdependent relationships based on the dependent origination.