REITs are notable investment vehicles because they make large-scale investments in income-producing real estate properties with steady and reliable rental and dividend income. Besides, REITs also offer superior long-term risk-adjusted returns, liquidi...
REITs are notable investment vehicles because they make large-scale investments in income-producing real estate properties with steady and reliable rental and dividend income. Besides, REITs also offer superior long-term risk-adjusted returns, liquidity, and transparency in public capital markets (Bairagi and Dimovski, 2011). REITs also play a significant role as a financial asset that provides diversification benefits with a longer-term investment horizon (Mackinnon and Zaman, 2009; Nyachiro and Jagongo, 2017). This paper aims to measure the degree of market maturity in academic terms and to study the possibility of asset diversification in practical terms, compared with stocks and bonds.
The second chapter studies the information flows between the US real estate investment trusts (REITs) and other investment assets such as bonds and stocks. This paper first tests Granger causality and then calculates transfer entropy as an information-theoretic approach. Transfer entropy, unlike the Granger causality test, clearly identifies causal interdependency between REITs and bonds whilst there is no significant information transfer between REITs and stocks.
This chapter highlights the increase in institutional ownership as a result of information exchange between REITs and bonds. Institutional investors have become dominant players in the bond market and have facilitated the information transfer between bond and REIT markets since the early 1990s. In contrast, REITs and stocks are quite different in terms of the dividend policy and capital structure. This difference in both markets could lead to a lack of information exchange with the REIT market. Our findings suggest that there is little benefit in including REITs in fixed-income portfolios while there is an advantage to diversifying by including REITs in equity portfolios.
The third chapter studies the efficiency of the US REIT market and provides a rationale behind it. It first employs the variance ratio test and further estimates the probability assigned to a ground state, a measure for the random walk hypothesis by utilizing the quantum harmonic oscillator. Unlike the variance ratio test, the probability assigned to a ground state indicates that the US REIT market has higher efficiency than the stock market. One of the causes that quantum harmonic oscillator further captures the market uncertainty and force that goes back a fluctuating asset return to equilibrium. Also, higher market volume and increased institutional ownership as an informed trader in the REIT market and mutual information flow between REITs and bonds enhanced market efficiency.
The fourth chapter investigates the predictability of the market crash in the REIT market, particularly in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, by applying the log-periodic power-law model. The result shows that the prediction for a critical time was possible but with limited accuracy, compared to that of the 2008 global financial crisis. Before the pandemic, investors’ herding behavior was weak, and the market efficiency was even improved to approaching the crash, indicating a low possibility of forming speculative bubbles. Thus, policymakers could use the bubble-based model to forecast the market crash but should recognize its limitation. A market condition such as investors’ herding behavior and market efficiency could be used together with comprehensive market information.