S-1 Korean Red Ginseng extract reduced hypoxia-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colon cancer = S-1 Korean Red Ginseng extract reduced hypoxia-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colon cancer

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Backgrounds:?The incidence of colon cancer is increasing, and a large number of patients were initially diagnosed with advanced colon cancer. However, the effect of Korean Red Ginseng extracts (KRGE) on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in colon cancer metastasis is unknown. Therefore, we aim to investigate the effects of KRGE on hypoxia-dependent EMT of colorectal cancer. Methods:?Human colon cancer HCT116 and HT29 cells were exposed to normoxic (21%) and hypoxic (1%) conditions. In order to measure the expression levels of EMT markers in the presence of KRGE, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis were performed. In addition, we use matrigel invasion and wound healing migration assays in order to know the effect of KRGE on the invasiveness and migration of colon cancer cells. Results:?KRGE inhibited hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) protein expression and its downstream gene, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), mRNA level in hypoxic conditions. In addition, KRGE down-regulated not only hypoxia-induced Snail, Slug, and Twist mRNA levels, which play a role in EMT transcription, but also hypoxia-induced integrin αVβ6 protein level, a well-known EMT marker of colon cancer. Furthermore, we found that reduced E-cadherin in hypoxic conditions can be recoverable by treating with KRGE in colon cancer cell lines; KRGE blocked the migration and invasion of colon cancer cells in hypoxia through repressing NF-κB and ERK1/2 pathways in hypoxia. Conclusions:?KRGE inhibits hypoxia-induced EMT via repressing the activation of NF-κB and ERK1/2 pathways in colon cancer. Keywords:?Colon cancer, Epithelial-mesenchymal transition, Hypoxia-inducible factors, Korean red Ginseng extract, Panax ginseng Meyer