The Extraordinary chemistry of ordinary things

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• 1 An Introduction to Chemistry TURNING ON THE LIGHT = 1
• DEMONSTRATION Enlightenment from a Flashlight = 2
• 1.1 Lighr Bulbs, Salt and Sugar = 4
• 1.2 The Extraordinary Chemistry of Ordinary Things = 6
• 1.3 Ions : Electricity in Motion and a Rest = 7
• 1.4 Elements and Compounds = 9
• PERSPECTIVE Science : Understanding the Univeres = 12
• Exercises For Review = 14
• A Little Arithmetic and Other Quantitative Puzzl = 15
• Think, Speculate, Reflect, and Ponder = 15
• 2 Atoms and Elements THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF CHEMISTRY = 17
• DEMONSTRATION Atoms and Paper Clips = 17
• 2.1 Democritus and a Paper Clips = 20
• 2.2 The Size and Abundance of Atoms = 20
• 2.3 Mass and Weight = 22
• 2.4 Subatomic Particles : Protons, Neutrons and Electrons = 24
• 2.5 Atoms, The Essence of an Element = 25
• 2.6 Isotopes: Deuterium and Tritium = 28
• 2.7 Building Up and Elements : Hydrogen Through Neon = 29
• 2.8 More Electron Structures : Sodium Through Calcium = 31
• PERSPECTIVE A Summary and a Foretaste = 33
• EXERCISES For Review = 33
• A Little Arithmetic and Other Quantitative Puzzles = 34
• Think, Speculate, Reflect, and Ponder = 34
• 3 Chemical Bonding IONIC AND COVALENT COMPOUNDS = 37
• DEMONSTRATION Scouring Pads and Kitchen Magnets = 38
• 3.1 Table Salt Revisited = 39
• 3.2 Sodium and Chlorine = 40
• 3.3 Chemical Particles : Risks and Benefits = 41
• 3.4 Valence Electrons = 42
• 3.5 Periodicity = 43
• 3.6 Atomic Weights and the Genius of Dimitri Mendeleev = 44
• 3.7 The Periodic Table = 46
• 3.8 Valence Shells and Chemical Reactivity = 48
• 3.9 From Sodium Atoms to Sodium Cations, From Chlorine Atoms to Chloride Anions = 49
• 3.10 Table Salt, Crystals of an Electrolyte = 50
• 3.11 Chemical Formulas = 51
• 3.12 Valence and Chemical Formulas = 53
• 3.13 Water, a Covalent Compound = 55
• 3.14 Hydrogen Halides and the Halogens = 57
• 3.15 Ionzation, From Molecules to Ions = 58
• PERSPECTIVE How Do We Know? = 59
• EXERCISES For Review = 60
• A Little Arithmetic and Other Quantitative Puzzles = 62
• Think, Speculate, Reflect, and Ponder = 62
• 4 Discovering the Sectrets of the Nucleus FROM A PHOTOGRAPHIC MYSTERY TO THE ATOMIC BOMB = 63
• VIGNETTE The Bomb = 64
• 4.1 The Discovery of Radioactivity : How the Unexpected Exposure of a Photographic Plate Led to Two Historic Nobel Prizes = 64
• 4.2 Serendipity and Science = 66
• 4.3 Radioactivity and Radioactive Decay = 67
• 4.4 Nuclear Notation = 68
• 4.5 α Particles, β Particles and y Rays = 69
• 4.6 From Tritium to Helium, from Carbon to Nitrogen, from Uranium to Lead = 71
• 4.7 Rutherford's Transmutation of Nitrogen = 75
• 4.8 A Nuclear wonderland = 76
• 4.9 Nuclear Fission = 77
• 4.10 A Chain Reactio, A Critical Mass = 79
• 4.11 The Manhattan Project = 81
• 4.12 Energy, Mass and Albert Einstein = 83
• 4.13 The Matter of the Missing Mass : Mass Defect and Binding Energy = 84
• 4.14 The Energy of Uranium fission = 87
• 4.15 Another Bomb, with the Power of the Sun = 90
• PERSPECTIVE The Uses of the Atom = 91
• EXERCISES For Review = 92
• A Little Arithmetic and Other Quantitative Puzzles = 94
• Think, Speculate, Reflect, and Ponder = 94
• 5 Energy, Medicine, and a Nuclear Calendar USNG THE SECRETS OF THE NUCLEUS = 97
• VIGNETTE Static under Stagg Field : The First Atiomic Pile = 98
• 5.1 Electricity from Steam, Steam from Heat, Heat from the Nucleus = 100
• 5.2 Nuclear Power : The Promisse = 101
• 5.3 Nuclear Power : The Problems = 103
• 5.4 Problem 1 : Nuclear Power Plants : Real Dangers and Imagined Dangers = 103
• 5.5 Problem 2 : Available Supplies of Fissionable Fuels : Is the Breeder Reactor a soultion? = 105
• 5.6 Problem 3 : The Disposal of Nuclear Wastes : The Persistence of Radioactivity = 107
• 5.7 More about Problem 3 : The Half-Life of a Radioisotope and Permanent Storage of Nuclear Wastes = 108
• 5.8 Problem 4 : The Cost of Nuclear Power = 111
• 5.9 The Power to Kill, ... = 111
• 5.10 ... The Power to Cure = 114
• 5.11 Positron emission Tomography = 115
• 5.12 Detecting Radiation : Seeing the Invisible, Hearing the Silent = 117
• 5.13 The Nuclear Calendar : Uranium and the Age of the Earth = 118
• 5.14 The Nuclear Calendar : Carbon and the Shround of Turin = 120
• PERSPECTIVE Living with Radiation = 121
• EXERCISES For Review = 124
• A Little Arithmetic and Other Quantitative Puzzles = 125
• Think, Speculate, Reflect, and Ponder = 125
• 6 Oxidation and Reduction THE ELECTRICITY OF CHEMISTRY = 127
• DEMONSTRATION Galvanized Tacks, Drugstore Iodine, and Household Bleach = 128
• 6.1 Beyond the Nucleus = 130
• 6.2 Inside the Flashilght Battery = 130
• 6.3 Two Potatoes, a Clock, and a Cell Named Daniell = 131
• 6.4 The Blue Disappears, and So Does the Zinc = 133
• 6.5 Our Investigation Bears Fruit : Redox = 134
• 6.6 Redox, a Combiantion of Reduction and Oxidation = 135
• 6.7 The Electrochemical Cell : A Summary = 137
• 6.8 Electrical Voltage : Putting Pressure on an Electron = 138
• 6.9 Standard Reduction Potentials = 139
• 6.10 Fluorine, a Powerful Oxidizing Agent = 141
• 6.11 Oxidation Potentials = 142
• 6.12 Why Batteries Work = 143
• 6.13 Galvanized Tacks, Drugstore Iodine and Household Bleach Revisited = 145
• 6.14 Energy Vs. Rate = 146
• 6.15 Ideal Batteries and Real Batteries = 146
• 6.16 Chemistry That Starts Cars = 148
• 6.17 Niagara Fall Fights Typhoid = 149
• 6.18 corrosion and Rust : The Other side of Redox = 151
• PERSPECTIVE Electrochemical Reactions for the Cars of Yesterday ... and Tomorrow? = 153
• EXERCISES For Review = 155
• A Little Arithmetic and Other Quantitative Puzzles = 156
• Think, Speculate, Reflect, and Ponder = 157
• 7 An Introduction to Organic Chemistry THE POWER OF HYDROCARBONS = 159
• DEMONSTRATION A Candle Burning in a Beaker : Energy from Hydrocarbons = 160
• 7.1 What's Organic about Organic Chemistry? = 161
• 7.2 Methane : A Hydrocarbon = 163
• 7.3 From Methane to Decane : The Alkanes = 165
• 7.4 Chemical Etymology : How methane Got Its Name,etc. = 168
• 7.5 The Classes of Carbons and Hydrogens = 170
• 7.6 Butane and Its Isomers = 172
• 7.7 IUPAC = 175
• 7.8 Balanced Chemical Equations = 177
• 7.9 Alkenes and Alkynes = 180
• 7.10 Cycloalkanes and Aromatic Hydrocarbons = 184
• 7.11 The Greenhouse Effect = 186
• PERSPECTIVE Will Palm Trees soon Grown in Alaska? = 189
• EXERCISES For Review = 191
• A Little Arithmetic and Other Quantitative Puzzles = 192
• Think, Speculate, Reflect, and Ponder = 192
• 8 Petroeum THE DRIVING FORCE = 195
• Demonstration Petroleum and Strong Tea = 196
• 8.1 Our Thirst for Oil = 198
• 8.2 The Four-Stroke cycle = 199
• 8.3 A Problem of Design and Its Solution = 202
• 8.4 Gasoline = 202
• 8.5 The Volatility of Hydrocarbons = 204
• 8.6 Knocking = 206
• 8.7 Octane Raating = 207
• 8.8 A Problem of the 1920s and Its Solution = 209
• 8.9 A Problem of the 1970s : The Case of the Poisoned Catalyst = 209
• 8.10 Beyond Lead = 211
• 8.11 Petroleum Refining : Distillation = 212
• 8.12 Petroleum Refining : Catalytic Cracking = 215
• 8.13 petroluem Refining : Reforming = 217
• PERSPECTIVE Fuels for the Cars of Tomorrow = 218
• EXERCISES For Review = 221
• A Little Arithmetic and Other Quantitative Puzzles = 222
• Think, Speculate, Reflect, and Ponder = 222
• 9 Countig Chemical Particles THE ARITHMETIC OF POLLUTION = 225
• DEMONSTRATION The Glass Where Pollution Begins = 226
• 9.1 A Pair, a Six-Pack, a Dozen, and More Than All the Stars in the Sky = 228
• 9.2 The Chemistry of a Backyard Grill = 229
• 9.3 Counting Atoms And Molecules : Part Ⅰ = 230
• 9.4 The Mole = 232
• 9.5 Avogadro’s Number Wins! = 235
• 9.6 Counting Atoms and Molecules : Part Ⅱ = 237
• 9.7 Getting to the Right Solution Takes Concentration = 241
• 9.8 Molarity = 242
• 9.9 Percentage Concentrations = 244
• 9.10 Vinegar and Sweet Coffee = 245
• 9.11 You're Two Hundred in a Trillion = 247
• 9.12 The Very Purest Water on Earth = 248
• 9.13 The Water We Drink = 249
• 9.14 Misplaced Matter and Other Forms of Pollution = 253
• PERSPECTIVE The Arithmetic of Pollution = 254
• EXERCISES For Review = 255
• A Little Arithmetic and Other Quantitative Puzzles = 256
• Think, Speculate, Reflect, and Ponder = 258
• 10 Acids and Bases IF IT TASTES SOUR IT MUST BE AN ACID = 259
• DEMONSTRATION Breath with the Strength of Red Cabbage = 260
• 10.1 The Real Litmus Test = 262
• 10.2 What Are Acids and Bases? Phenomenological Definitions and Other Bits of Erudition = 263
• 10.3 Acids and Bases, from Arrhenius ... = 265
• 10.4 ... To Br$${\not o}$$nsted And Lowry = 266
• 10.5 ... To Gilbert Newton Lewis = 267
• 10.6 Which Is the Right Choice? = 269
• 10.7 Cabbage Chemistry = 272
• 10.8 Dynamic Equilibrium : Hurly-burly in Pure Water = 273
• 10.9 pH, The measure of Acidity = 274
• 10.10 Strong Acids and Weak Acids = 278
• 10.11 The Strength of Acids : K_a = 280
• 10.12 Acidities of Some Common Substances = 281
• 10.13 Antacids : Palliatives for Cannibalism = 282
• 10.14 Acids Rain = 284
• 10.15 Le Ch$${\mathord{\buildrel{\lower3pt\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle\frown$}}\over a} }$$telier's Principle = 287
• 10.16 Buffers and Blood = 290
• 10.17 Common and Uncommon Acids = 291
• PERSPECTIVE The Balancing Act of Health = 293
• EXERCISES For Review = 294
• A Little Arithmetic and Other Quantitative Puzzles = 295
• Think, Speculate, Reflect, and Ponder = 296
• 11 Solids, Liquids, and surfaces DETERGENTS : CLEANING UP WITH CHEMISTRY = 299
• DEMONSTRATION With Nerves as Steady as a Chemical Bond = 300
• 11.1 Density, and How Insects Walk on Water = 302
• 11.2 Solids, Liquids, and Gases = 304
• 11.3 What happens When Liquids Boil = 305
• 11.4 What Happens When Solids-Melt = 307
• 11.5 Surface Tension = 308
• 11.6 Soaps, detergents, and Surfactants = 309
• 11.7 Micelles, Colloids, and John Tyndall = 311
• 11.8 How Soap Cleans : Wet Water = 313
• 11.9 How Soap Cleans : Gatting the Dirt Down the Drain = 314
• 11.10 A Little Soap History = 315
• 11.11 Esters = 316
• 11.12 From Fats to Soap = 319
• 11.13 The Problem : Hard Water = 321
• 11.14 The solution : Synthetic Detergents = 321
• PERSPECTIVE The Magic of a Box of Detergent = 324
• EXERCISES For Review = 326
• A Little Arithmetic and Other Quantitative Puzzles = 327
• Think, Speculate, Reflect, and Ponder = 327
• 12 Food FUEL FOR THE HUMAN ENGINE = 329
• DEMONSTRATION Warming Up with Work = 330
• 12.1 Food, Chemicals, and Energy = 331
• 12.2 How Francis Bacon Died Attempting to Discover the Benefits of Refrigeration = 331
• 12.3 What Happened When Count Rumford Bored Cannons = 332
• 12.4 A Legacy of Joules = 334
• 12.5 The Calorimeter = 335
• 12.6 The storehouse of chemical Energy = 335
• 12.7 Energy for the Human Engine = 339
• 12.8 The Energy Equation = 340
• 12.9 Energy Out : Exercise, Specific Dynamic Action, and Basal Metabolism = 341
• 12.10 Energy In : The Macronutrients = 343
• PERSPECTIVE Cunting Calories, Math of Myth? = 345
• EXERCISES For Review = 346
• A Little Arithmetic and Other Quantitative Puzzles = 347
• Think, Speculate, Reflect, and Ponder = 348
• 13 Fats and Oils THE ENERGY WE RUN WITH = 349
• DEMONSTRATION Iondine and Cookin Oils = 350
• 13.1 Fats and Oils = 351
• 13.2 Additions to Carbon-Carbon double Bonds : Iodine Numbers Hydrogenation = 353
• 13.3 Misleading Food Labels, Cholesterol, ... = 355
• 13.4 ... and Simplistic Nutritional Adivce = 358
• 13.5 Oils that Spoil, Oils that Dry = 361
• 13.6 Chemical Geometry = 362
• 13.7 Energy Storage : Fat = 365
• PERSPECTIVE Fats and Oils, The Perfect Examples = 366
• EXERCISES For Review = 368
• A Little Arithmetic and Other Quantitative Puzzles = 369
• Think, Speculate, Reflect, and Ponder = 369
• 14 Carbohydrates FOOD FOR THOUGHT = 371
• DEMONSTRATION How to Tell a Potato from an Apple, the Hard Way = 372
• 14.1 The Brain's own Fuel = 372
• 14.2 A Case of Mistaken Identity = 373
• 14.3 From Monosaccharides to Polysaccharides = 374
• 14.4 Glucose : An Aldohexose = 375
• 14.5 Your right Hand, Your Left Hand, a Mirror, ... = 377
• 14.6 ... A Human Skeleton, and . . . = 379
• 14.7 ... A Pair of sunglasses = 381
• 14.8 Optical Activity = 384
• 14.9 Glucose (Alias Dextrose), Fructose (Alias Levulose), and Invert Sugar = 385
• 14.10 Cyclic Monosaccharides = 386
• 14.11 Starch and cellulose : You Eat Both, You Digest One = 388
• 14.12 How We Digest Carbohydrates : The Secret of Fiber = 392
• 14.13 Why Large quantities of Milk, Cheese, and Ice Cream Can Cause Digestive Problems in Two Adults out of Three = 394
• 14.14 Enzymatic Locks and Molecular Keys = 395
• PERSPECTIVE Can This Textbook Help End World Hunger? = 396
• EXERCISES For Review = 397
• A Little Arithmetic and Other Quantitative Puzzles = 398
• Think, Speculate, Reflect, and Ponder = 398
• 15 Proteins FIRST AMONG EQUALS = 399
• DEMONSTRATION How to Turn an Egg White White = 400
• 15.1 Fist among Equals = 401
• 15.2 Amines and Amino Acids = 402
• 15.3 The α-Amino Acids = 404
• 15.4 Essential Amino Acids = 406
• 15.5 The Quality of Our Protein = 409
• 15.6 The Vegetarian Diet = 411
• 15.7 Amides = 413
• 15.8 Peptide Links and Primary Structures = 414
• 15.9 The Secret of Life, or Why Shakespeare Could Have Been the Greatest Chemist of Them All = 416
• 15.10 Secondary and Higher Structures ― Egg White Explained = 418
• 15.11 Sickle-Cell Anemia, Kwashiorkor, and High-Density Lipoproteins = 420
• PERSPECTIVE Protein and Health = 421
• EXERCISES For Review = 422
• A Little Arithmetic and Other Quantitative Puzzles = 423
• Think, Speculate, Reflect, and Ponder = 423
• 16 Minerals and Vitamins THE VITAL ACCESSORIES = 425
• DEMONSTRATION The Power of Vitamin C = 426
• 16.1 Beyond the Macronutrients = 427
• 16.2 The Major Minerals, from Calcium to Magnesium = 428
• 16.3 Trace Elements, from Iron on Down = 429
• 16.4 How Much Is Enough? The RDAs, Part Ⅰ : Minerals = 430
• 16.5 Vitamins = 433
• 16.6 The Contribution of Casimir Funk = 433
• 16.7 Vitamin A, Polar Bear Livers and Orange-Colored Skin = 436
• 16.8 Vitamin D, Or Is It? = 438
• 16.9 Vitamin C, Bleeding Gums, and the Bulbul Bird = 439
• 16.10 Vitamin C : Myths, Realities, and Iodine = 440
• 16.11 How Much Is Enough? The RDAs, Part Ⅱ : Vitamons = 441
• PERSPECTIVE Natural Vs. Synthetic = 443
• EXERCISES For Review = 445
• A Little Arithmetic and Other Quantitative Puzzles = 446
• Think, Speculate, Reflect, and Ponder = 446
• 17 Health Foods, Junk Foods, and Chemical Additives READING THE LABELS = 447
• DEMONSTRATION A Helpful Hint for Fruti Salad, from the Chemist = 448
• 17.1 The Mystery of Food = 449
• 17.2 Health Foods and Junk Foods = 450
• 17.3 You Can't Tell a Book by Its Cover, but the Side of a Cereal Box Reveals a Lot about Its Contents = 451
• 17.4 The Ingredients List : Sweet Ambiguity = 453
• 17.5 What Else Is in Food? Additives! = 454
• 17.6 How the Search for Food Additives Led to Marco Polo's Adventures in the Orient and to Columbus's Discovery of America = 455
• 17.7 Dr. Wiley's Poison Squad = 456
• 17.8 The Law of Additives = 456
• 17.9 Tons of Food Add Up to a Small Fraction of an Ounce of Additives = 459
• 17.10 Additives at Work = 460
• 17.11 Marking Food More Appealing ... With Nail Polish Remover! = 461
• 17.12 Preserving and Protecting Food against Spoilage = 462
• 17.13 Chemistry in a Crab's Claw = 464
• 17.14 Stabilizers ― Moist Coconut, Soft Marshmallows, and Creamy Peanut Butter = 466
• PERSPECTIVE Sodium Nitrite ― Balancing Risks and Benefits = 467
• EXERCISES For Review = 469
• A Little Arithmetic and Other quantitative Puzzles = 470
• Think, Speculate, Reflect, and Ponder = 470
• 18 Poisons, Toxins, Hazards, and Risks WHAT'S SAFE AND WHAT ISN'T = 473
• DEMONSTRATION Spreading Poison All Around = 474
• 18.1 Chemical Poisons, Biological Toxins = 475
• 18.2 Degrees of Danger and Powers of Poisons = 476
• 18.3 LD_50's = 477
• 18.4 The Most Deadly Molecules = 480
• 18.5 Now Comes the Chemist, Here and There = 482
• 18.6 Back to Food = 485
• 18.7 Safety ― Freedom from Hazards or Simply a Matter of Good Judgment? = 486
• 18.8 The Laws of Safety = 488
• 18.9 A Factor of 100 = 489
• 18.10 The Legacy of James J. Delaney = 490
• 18.11 The Story of Saccharin = 491
• 18.12 An Ingredients Label for the Mango = 493
• 18.13 The Questionable Joys of Natural Foods = 494
• 18.14 How Many Dead Mice Is a Bowl of Fresh Cereal Worth? = 498
• PERSPECTIVE The Search for Safety = 499
• EXERCISES For Review = 499
• A Little Arithmetic and Other Quantitative Puzzles = 500
• Think, Speculate, Reflect, and Ponder = 500
• 19 Gases THE THIRD STATE = 501
• DEMONSTRATION Squeezing Air Out of a Bottle = 502
• 19.1 The Gas Live In = 503
• 19.2 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory : From Ricocheting Biliard Balls to Ideal Gases = 506
• 19.3 Robert Boyle : Pressure and Volume = 507
• 19.4 Can a Gas Shrink to Nothing at All? = 510
• 19.5 Putting Them All Together = 512
• 19.6 Gay-Lussac Once Again = 514
• 19.7 Avogadro Carries Us Further Along = 515
• 19.8 John Dalton and William Henry Explain Why Soft Drinks Go Flat = 515
• 19.9 Don't Shake a Warm Bottle of Soda ; Also Some Advice About an Aquarium = 517
• 19.10 The Art and Science of Breathing = 518
• 19.11 A Toxic Gas That Preserves Life = 521
• PERSPECTIVE A Class of Wonder Gases Turned (Potentially) Lethal = 523
• EXERCISES For Review = 526
• A Little Arithmetic and Other Quantitative Puzzles = 527
• Think, Speculate, Reflect, and Ponder = 527
• 20 Polymers and Plastics THE PLASTIC AGE = 529
• DEMONSTRATION Plastics, Water, and Rubbing Alcohol = 530
• 20.1 The Age of Plastics = 531
• 20.2 Plastics and Polymers = 532
• 20.3 A Polymeric Chain = 534
• 20.4 Condensation Polymerization = 535
• 20.5 Nylons: The Molecules and the Stockings = 536
• 20.6 Addition Polymerization = 539
• 20.7 Thermoplastics and Thermosets : Plastics That Act Like Fats and That Act Like Eggs = 541
• 20.8 Compounds Related to natural Rubber = 541
• 20.9 A Brief History ― Part Ⅰ : The Roman God of Fire = 544
• 20.10 A Brief History ― Part Ⅱ : Save the Elephants! = 545
• 20.11 A Brief History ― Part Ⅲ : The First Synthetic Polymer = 546
• 20.12 A Brief History ― Part Ⅳ : From the Kitchen Stove to High Technology = 548
• 20.13 Polystyrene = 549
• 20.14 Vinyl ... = 550
• 20.15 ... And Its Chemical Cousins = 551
• 20.16 Polyethylene, the Plastic That Won the War ... = 553
• 20.17 ... And Gave Us a significant Bit of Trivia = 554
• 20.18 A Nobel Prize for Two = 555
• 20.19 Condensation Polymers ... = 556
• 20.20 ... And Elastomers = 557
• 20.21 The Most Important Polymers of All = 559
• 20.22 The Porblem with Plastics = 562
• PERSPECTIVE Possible Solutions from Science and Technology = 563
• EXERCISES For Review = 564
• A Little Arithmetic and Other Quantitative Puzzles = 565
• Think, Speculate, Reflect, and Ponder = 565
• 21 Cosmetics and Personal Care LOOKING GOOD AND SMELLING NICE WITH CHEMISTRY = 567
• DEMONSTRATION The Wave of Chemistry = 568
• 21.1 The Universal Urge for Adornment = 569
• 21.2 Rich Suds and Expensive Odors = 570
• 21.3 To Satisfy the Consumer = 571
• 21.4 Personal Care Surfactants = 572
• 21.5 Hair : Cleaning the Cuticle = 574
• 21.6 Hair : Coloring the Cortex = 576
• 21.7 A Note on Names = 579
• 21.8 Hair : Curling the Keratin = 580
• 21.9 Toothpaste, the Fresh Abrasive = 584
• 21.10 To Make Our Skin Moist, Soft and ... = 586
• 21.11 ... Inoffensive = 587
• 21.12 Putting a Little Color on Your Skin = 588
• 21.13 A Few Notes on Perfume = 590
• 21.14 Waves of Water, Waves of Light = 592
• PERSPECTIVE Making Choices : Health Vs. Beauty = 594
• EXERCISES For Review = 596
• A Little Arithmetic and Other Quantitative Puzzles = 598
• Think, Speculate, Reflect, and Ponder = 598
• 22 Chemicals and the Mind CHEMICALS OF PERCEPTION AND THE PERCEPTION OF CHEMICALS = 601
• DEMONSTRATION Perception, Reality, and chemicals = 602
• 22.1 Aspirin = 603
• 22.2 How Aspirin Got Its Name = 604
• 22.3 Salicylates Vs. the Prostaglandins = 606
• 22.4 Aspirin : Risks along with Rewards = 607
• 22.5 Acetaminophen, a Substitute for Aspirin = 608
• 22.6 Chemicals, Medicines and Drugs = 609
• 22.7 Narcotics and Alkaloids : The Opium Alkaloids = 610
• 22.8 A Good Idea Gone Very, Very Bad = 611
• 22.9 Sigmund Freud, Medieval Posioners, and Beautiful Women : Cocaine and Related Alkaloids = 612
• 22.10 Caffeine and Nicotine = 614
• 22.11 Natural Vs. Synthetic = 615
• 22.12 Licit Vs. Illicit = 616
• 22.13 Some Fruits of Imagination and Skill = 617
• 22.14 For a Pain in the Mouth and Other Places = 619
• 22.15 Meditations, Fantasies, and Hallucinations = 620
• 22.16 The Phenylethylamines = 621
• 22.17 For Pain and Suffering of a Different Sort = 623
• 22.18 Changing the Brain's Tumblers Provokes a Curious Question = 625
• 22.19 From Antagonists to Enkephalins = 627
• 22.20 Endorphins, Our Very Own Opiates = 628
• 22.21 The Power of the Placebo = 630
• PERSPECTIVE The Scientific Method as a Test of Reality = 631
• EXERCISES For Review = 632
• A Little Arithmetic and Other Quantitative Puzzles = 633
• Think, Speculate, Reflect, and Ponder = 633
• APPENDIX A A Short Guide to Exponential Notation COUNTING BEYOND NINE = A 1
• APPENDIX B The Metric System THE MEASUE OF ALL THINGS = A 5
• APPENDIX C Using Units Cancellation PETER PIPER PICKED A PECK OF PICKLED PEPPERS = A 13
• APPENDIX D Siginificant Figures BUDGETING FOR GASOLINE = A 19
• APPENDIX E Working with Avogadro's Number A REMARKABLE CALCULATION = A 25
• Glossary = G 1
• Answers to Selected Exercises = ANS 1
• Photo Credits = P 1
• Index = I 1