만 3세 아동의 비유창성 표현을 통한 화자의 마음 상태 추론 = Three-year-olds’ inferences of speakers’ mental states using disfluency in speech

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Disfluencies (i.e., pauses, insertions, repetition and replacement of words, phrases, or sentences) are common in speech. Disfluencies provide several interpretations about a speaker depending on the context. The present study examined: 1) acoustic characteristics of disfluent phrases—especially those that mark hesitation—compared to those fluent phrases with the exact same words and 2) whether 3-year-olds are able to infer a speaker’s mental states using disfluencies. The disfluent “uh” that shows speakers’ hesitation was longer and lower-pitched than the fluent “uh” that indicates speakers’ positive responses. In a food/snack offering situation, experimenter asked two adults about their preferences for the item. One answered with hesitation “uh” while the other answered fluently without hesitation. Three-year-olds reliably selected the speakers who answered without hesitation as the recipient of the offered item. It indicates that 3-year-olds are sensitive to the subtle differences in speech and utilized the hesitation marker to infer speakers’ mental states.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

비유창성 표현은 발화를 정연하게 잇지 못하는 현상 전반을 일컫는 것으로, 발화의 일시적 중단이나 단어, 구 혹은 문장의 삽입, 반복, 대치 등을 모두 포함한다. 맥락에 따라 비유창성 표현은 청자에게 화자에 대한 각기 다른 정보를 전달한다. 본 연구에서는 제안-답변의 상황에서 망설임을 나타내는 화자의 비유창성 표현을 제안에 대해 긍정적인 답변의 기능을 하는 동일한 형태의 표현과 구별하고, 만 3세 아동이 망설임을 나타내는 비유창성 표현을 통해 제안에 대한 화자의 상대적으로 덜 긍정적인 마음 상태를 추론할 수 있는지 알아보았다. 분석 결과, 망설임을 나타내는 비유창성 표현은 동일한 긍정의 표현과 음향적 특징에서 유의한 차이가 있었다. 그리고 음식을 먹겠느냐는 제안에 대해 망설임을 나타내는 응답을 하는 성인과 유창한 응답을 하는 성인이 있을 때에, 만 3세 아동은 망설이지 않고 답한 성인에게 음식을 주는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 아동이 망설임을 나타내는 비유창성 표현의 특징을 활용하여 타인의 마음 상태를 추론할 수 있음을 보여주며, 이러한 능력이 3세경에 출현하기 시작할 가능성을 시사한다.

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