베트남 전쟁 시기 미국 외교정책, 1954-1968 = American Foreign Policy of the Vietnam War, 1954-1968

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The paper examines how and why American politicians made decisions on Vietnam War from 1954 to 1968 during which American interventions had reached the highest level. It also discussed the reason why Americans could not achieve their goals in Vietnam even though they had mobilized huge amounts of manpower and ammunitions to win the war. Such discussions enables us to understand multidimensional structure of the war and to point out American behavior went far beyond simple anti-communist movements or military dominance in the region: the Messiah to save the world.
The reason that Americans took such a hard lines including military warfare and ideological battlefield in the region was based on domino theory in which if America lost Vietnam it would send a message of weakness and give the Communists staging grounds for further forward thrust. America was conceived with a sense of mission and dedicated to the extension of freedom throughout the world. Americans also thought that abandoning Vietnam would produce a fundamental threat to the security of the United States.
Americanization of the Vietnam War reflected those ideas that aggression must not be allowed to succeed lest the Free World’s integrity be undermined. It was better to draw the line in a place like Vietnam than have to fight close to home and for bigger stakes. America, however, could not succeed to achieve its goal because of it miscalculation on its ability and enemy’s iron will not to be defeated by foreign invaders such as the United States which supported an old imperialism of Europe. The messianic mission of Americans could never have been achieved by such negative behaviors as supporting dictatorships, infiltrations, and military adventures in Vietnam.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본고는 미국의 베트남 개입이 시작된 1954년부터 미국에 의한 베트남 전쟁이 최고조에 달했던 1968년까지 과연 미국의 정치인들과 관료들은 어떤 결정을 내렸으며, 왜 그들은 그런 결정을 내렸는지에 관하여 논의 한다. 또한 막강한 전투 병력과 화력을 동원했음에도 불구하고 자신들이 목표했던 최소한의 전쟁 목표도 달성하지 못하고 패퇴한 원인에 대해 논의하고자 한다.
최근까지 한국에서 미국의 베트남 외교를 논하는 데 있어서 많은 학자들은 상당부분 미국 외교 정책 자체의 본질적인 측면을 논하기보다 친미 혹은 반미적인 전제를 갖고 가치 지향적인 평가를 해 온 측면이 있었다. 이러한 현상은 미국의 베트남 외교를 결정하는 본질적인 것에 초점을 맞추기보다 정책의 결정 과정이나 결과에 좀 더 집중함으로써 미국이 어떤 심리적․정신적 바탕위에서 외교 정책을 구사했는가에 대한 논의가 부족한 측면이 있었다. 본고는 베트남 전쟁을 전후 한 시기에 전개된 미국 외교정책의 일단을 고찰하여 미국 베트남 외교의 본질적인 측면을 논의해보고자 한다. 필자가 베트남 전쟁 전후 시기의 미국 외교 정책을 관찰하는 이유는 세계가 미국의 체제 속에 있으면 좀 더 안전하고 자유로울 것이라는 미국적 사명감과 우월의식이 그 어떤 전쟁에서 보다도 베트남 전쟁에서 그 내면에 깊숙이 자리 잡고 있었던 측면이 있었기 때문이다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

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