논어에 나타난 공자의 교육원리 = Educational Principle contained in the 『 Analects of Confucius 』: Equilibrium

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 교육에 관한 공자의 밭언들을 의미 있게 관련시켜주는 아이디어의 하나로 균형(均衝)의 원리를 제시하고, 그것이 어떤 근거에서 공자의 아이디어라고 할 수 있는지를 <논어>의 내용을 통해 논증하는 데에 초점을 맞추고 있다. 공자가 추구한 균형은 교육의 가능성과 한계에 대한 인식을 바탕으로 하여 보수와 혁신 사이에서, 배움과 익힘 사이에서, 온고(溫故)와 지신(知新) 사이에서, 인지와 정서 사이에서, 그리고 교육의 방법에 있어서는 기다리기와 다가서기 및 억제하기와 복돋우기 사이에서 발견된다. 나아가, 공자의 그 균형은 하나의 균형이 다른 하나의 균형을 요건으로 하는 식의 중층적 구조를 지닌다. 요컨대, 공자에게 있어 균형의 원리는 교육의 전 국면에서 일관되게 추구된 원리이며 교육상황의 매 단계를 이끄는 원동력이었다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study presents an assertion that a principle of equilibrium is an idea which relates the Confucius' views on education meaningfully, and focuses on demonstrating such assertion logically by examining the content of the 『Analects of Confucius』.
The term 'equilibrium' is not of Confucius'. Despite 'the mean' is the concept which Confucius use directly in his dialogues. Nevertheless, the term of equilibrium is used in this study. Because the meaning of 'the mean' can be easily expanded to the ultimate stage which means 'corresponding to the rule of heavens'. this stage surpasses the scope of following discussion.
We can find the fact that the principle of equilibrium resides in many facets of Confucius' view on education. Equilibrating points are such as: between conservatism and progressivism in social function of education; between possibility and limitation in personality changing power of education; between learning and accustoming in the process of personal growth; between exploring the old and understanding the new in the vertical scope of curriculum; among cognitive, affective, and psycho-motor domain in the horizontal scope of curriculum; and between waiting for pupils' coming and approaching to them, and between restraining excessive abnormality and encouraging pupils to do their best in the method of educating.
And we can find some form of stratification among above equilibrating points. An equilibrium between conservatism and progressivism in social function of education exists on another equilibrium between possibility and limitation in personality changing power of education. And an equilibrium in the vertical scope of curriculum needs another form of equilibrium in the horizontal scope of curriculum, and vice versa. In the method of education, an equilibrium between waiting and approaching affects the formation process of equilibrating between restraining and encouraging.