The Changing distribution of income in an open U.S. economy

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = ⅶ
• List of Figures = xvii
• List of Tables = xxi
• List of Conference Speakers = xxv
• PART 1 ISSUES IN THE MEASUREMENT OF INCOME INEQUALITY = 1
• 1 THE SCOPE, GROWTH, AND CAUSES OF INCOME INEQUALITY IN AN OPEN U.S. ECONOMY / by Jeffrey H. Bergstrand ; Thomas F. Cosimano ; John W. Houck ; Richard G. Sheehan = 3
• 1.1 Introduction = 3
• 1.2 Issues in the Measurement of Income Inequality = 7
• 1.3 Issues in the Causes of Income Inequality = 14
• 1.4 Policy Implications and Recommendations = 22
• 1.5 Conclusions = 26
• Endnotes = 27
• References = 27
• 2 LEVELS OF AND CHANGES IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF U.S. INCOME / by Charles T. Nelson = 29
• 2.1 Introduction = 29
• 2.2 Methodological Issues = 36
• 2.2.1 Relative Income = 36
• 2.2.2 The Effect of Taxes and Noncash Benefits on the Distribution of Income = 41
• 2.3 The Distribution of Earnings = 48
• 2.3.1 Workers with Low Earnings = 48
• 2.3.2 International Comparisons of Earnings Inequality = 51
• 2.4 Social, Demographic, and Economic Factors Related to the Changing Distribution of Income = 52
• 2.5 Future Research = 59
• Endnotes = 60
• References = 62
• 3 A DOMINANCE EVALUATION OF DISTRIBUTIONS OF INCOME AND THE BENEFITS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH / by John A. Bishop ; John P. Formby = 65
• 3.1 Introduction = 65
• 3.2 The Dominance Method = 67
• 3.2.1 The Welfare Theoretic Foundations of the Dominance Methodology = 67
• 3.2.2 Inference Procedures and the U.S. Income Distribution = 71
• 3.3 Dominance Comparisons and the U.S. Income Distribution = 81
• 3.3.1 A Dominance Analysis of the U.S. Income Distribution = 81
• 3.3.2 International Comparisons with the U.S. Income Distribution = 83
• 3.4 The Distribution of the Benefits of U.S. Economic Growth = 86
• 3.5 Why Has the Distribution of the Benefits of Growth Changed? = 95
• 3.6 Conclusion = 96
• Endnotes = 97
• References = 100
• 4 THE GROWTH IN MALE EARNINGS INEQUALITY, 1973-1988: THE ROLE OF EARNINGS CAPACITY AND UTILIZATION / by Robert H. Haveman ; Lawrence Buron = 105
• 4.1 Introduction = 105
• 4.2 A Brief Literature Review = 109
• 4.3 Patterns of Male Earnings Inequality, 1973-1988 = 114
• 4.4 Patterns of Earnings Capacity Inequality, 1973-1988 = 116
• 4.5 Patterns of Earnings Capacity Utilization, 1973-1988 = 121
• 4.6 Sources of Increased Earnings Inequality, 1973-1988 = 124
• 4.7 Conclusions = 126
• Endnotes = 129
• References = 134
• Appendix A = 136
• Appendix B1 = 139
• Appendix B2 = 140
• Appendix B3 = 141
• Appendix B4 = 142
• Appendix C = 143
• 5 DIMENSIONS OF INEQUALITY IN LABOR INCOME / by Brooks Pierce ; Finis Welch = 145
• 5.1 Introduction = 145
• 5.2 The Data = 148
• 5.3 The Metrics for Earnings Comparisons = 149
• 5.4 Trends in Earnings of White Men = 151
• 5.5 Relative Earnings of White Women, Black Men, and Black Women = 155
• 5.6 Earnings Differentials Between High School and College Graduates and By Time Since Leaving School = 160
• 5.7 Summary = 166
• Endnotes = 168
• References = 170
• Appendix = 171
• PART 2 ISSUES IN THE CAUSES OF INCOME INEQUALITY = 181
• 6 USING REGIONAL DATA TO REEXAMINE THE CONTRIBUTION OF DEMOGRAPHIC AND SECTORAL CHANGES TO INCREASING U.S. WAGE INEQUALITY / by Lynn A. Karoly ; Jacob Alex Klerman = 183
• 6.1 Introduction = 183
• 6.2 CPS Wage Data = 185
• 6.3 Regional Differences in Wage Inequality = 186
• 6.3.1 Inequality Between Regions = 187
• 6.3.2 Inequality Within Regions = 189
• 6.4 Decomposition Analysis = 196
• 6.4.1 Effects of the Changing Age Structure = 198
• 6.4.2 Effects of Industry Shifts = 200
• 6.5 Regression Analysis = 202
• 6.6 Conclusions = 210
• Endnotes = 212
• References = 214
• 7 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WAGE INEQUALITY AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE / by George J. Borjas ; Valerie A. Ramey = 217
• 7.1 Introduction = 217
• 7.2 Data = 219
• 7.3 Time-Series Evidence = 220
• 7.3.1 An Analysis of Stochastic Trends = 220
• 7.3.2 An Extended Analysis of the Impact of Trade in Durable Goods = 227
• 7.4 A Model of the Link between Wages and Rents = 230
• 7.4.1 An Overview = 230
• 7.4.2 The Model = 231
• 7.4.3 The Effect of Foreign Competition on Wages and Employment = 233
• 7.5 Trends in Labor Compensation in Some Key Industries = 234
• 7.6 Summary = 237
• Endnotes = 237
• References = 238
• 8 A MACROECONOMETRIC MODEL OF INCOME INEQUALITY IN THE UNITED STATES / by Nathan S. Balke ; Daniel J. Slottje = 243
• 8.1 Introduction = 243
• 8.2 The Increase in Income Equality in the 1980s = 244
• 8.3 Methodology and Variables Considered = 245
• 8.4 Empirical Results = 250
• 8.4.1 Variance Decompositions = 251
• 8.4.2 Structural VAR Estimation = 260
• 8.5 Historical Decompositions = 265
• 8.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks = 273
• Endnotes = 274
• References = 275
• 9 TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS AND INCOME INEQUALITY: A MODEL WITH HUMAN CAPITAL AND BEQUESTS / by Edi Karni ; Itzhak Zilcha = 279
• 9.1 Introduction = 279
• 9.2 The Model = 281
• 9.2.1 Preferences and Technology = 281
• 9.2.2 Equilibrium = 283
• 9.3 Income-Distribution Effects of Technological Innovations = 286
• 9.3.1 The Measurement of Income Inequality = 286
• 9.3.2 Technological Improvements = 287
• 9.3.3 Income-Distribution Effects of Hicks-Neutral Technological Changes = 287
• 9.3.4 Income-Distribution Effects of Harrod-Neutral and Solow-Neutral Technological Improvements = 288
• 9.4 Concluding Remarks = 289
• References = 290
• Appendix A = 292
• Appendix B = 293
• Appendix C = 294
• Appendix D = 294
• 10 PRODUCTIVITY AND INCOME INEQUALITY GROWTH RATES IN THE UNITED STATES / by Kathy J. Hayes ; Daniel J. Slottje ; Michael Nieswiadomy ; Michael Redfearn ; Edward N. Wolff = 299
• 10.1 Introduction = 299
• 10.2 Relationships Between Income Inequality and Productivity = 302
• 10.3 Data and Methodology = 303
• 10.4 Empirical Results = 309
• 10.5 Concluding Remarks = 318
• References = 324
• PART 3 POLICY IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS = 329
• 11 OLD THEORIES IN NEW BOTTLES: TOWARD AN EXPLANATION OF GROWING WORLD-WIDE INCOME INEQUALITY / by Barry Bluestone = 331
• 11.1 Introduction = 331
• 11.2 The Emerging Consensus around Inequality Trends = 332
• 11.3 Possible Explanations for the Trends in the Wage Distribution = 333
• 11.4 Sorting Out the Explanations = 334
• 11.5 Heckscher-Ohlin Factor-Price-Equalization Theory = 336
• 11.6 Evidence for the Heckscher-Ohlin Effect = 337
• 11.7 Policies to Combat Growing Inequality = 338
• References = 340
• 12 GENERAL ECONOMIC THEORY AND INCOME INEQUALITY / by Kenneth J. Arrow = 343
• 12.1 Introduction = 343
• 12.2 Income and Earnings = 343
• 12.3 Transaction Costs = 344
• 12.4 Dynamic Theories = 345
• 13 HAVE WE UNDERINVESTED IN EDUCATION? / by Orley Ashenfelter = 349
• 13.1 Introduction = 349
• 13.2 The Ideal Experiment = 350
• 13.3 Intra-Family Schooling-Income Relations: Fathers, Sons, Brothers, Twins = 350
• 13.4 Have We Underinvested in Education? = 351
• 13.5 How Do We Finance Educational Investments? = 352
• Endnotes = 353
• References = 353
• 14 THE CHANGING DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME IN AN OPEN U.S. ECONOMY: FINDINGS AND LESSONS / by Robert H. Haveman = 355
• 14.1 Introduction = 355
• 14.2 Causes of Income Inequality = 356
• 14.3 Important Questions = 357
• 14.4 Policy Implications = 358
• 15 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS / Jeffrey H. Bergstrand ; Thomas F. Cosimano ; John W. Houck ; Richard G. Sheehan = 361
• 15.1 Introduction = 361
• 15.2 Measurement Issues = 363
• 15.3 Behavior of Inequality Measures = 367
• 15.4 Determinants of Changes in Inequality = 369
• 15.4.1 Microeconomic Factors = 370
• 15.4.2 Short-Run Macroeconomic Factors = 374
• 15.4.3 Productivity Considerations = 375
• 15.4.4 International Factors = 375
• 15.4.5 Other Considerations = 377
• 15.5 Policy Implications = 378
• Endnotes = 379
• References = 379
• Index = 381