국내 대기환경기준 및 대기오염도 변천과 향후 과제 = Historical Changes of Air Quality Standards and Air Pollution of Korea, and Challenges for Their Improvements

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Korea’s Ambient Air Quality Standard (KAAQS) was initially established in 1978, for sulfur dioxide (SO2). Since then, KAAQS has undergone seven revisions. As of 2018, criteria air pollutants have expanded to include seven more species: NO2, CO, O3, PM10, PM2.5, Pb, and Benzene. After the Korean government formulated comprehensive short- and long-term air quality standards, and subsequently established a comprehensive air quality monitoring network in 1993. From 2007 onwards, KAAQS has functioned as an administrative goal, counting diverse considerations like current air quality status with non-attainment areas, incorporation of human health risks, and effectiveness of regulatory enforcement. To attain the standards and enhance national air quality, the Korean government has implemented a range of policies. These encompass emission standards for industries and automobiles, fuel usage regulations, emission charges for air pollutants, designations of special measures areas for air pollution, regulation of total emission quantity, and more. These initiatives led to significant reductions in atmospheric SO2, CO, TSP, PM10, and Pb from the 1980s to the 1990s. Furthermore, enhanced vehicle emission controls contributed to notable improvements in NOx, PM10, and benzene levels since 2000. However, challenges remain in reducing levels of PM2.5 and O3. For further advancements in Korea’s air quality, additional measures are crucial: i) The accumulation of up-to-date scientific evidence directly relevant to human health, ii) Regular evaluations of the effectiveness of various regulatory policies, iii) Establishing a systematic framework for periodic revision and assessment of KAAQS.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 신혜정 ; 박지훈 ; 손정석 ; 노순아 ; 홍유덕, "통계적 기법을 적용한 서울의 오존 장기변동 대표측정소 선정" 한국환경영향평가학회 24 (24): 111-118, 2015

2 김용표, "초미세먼지 문제 해결을 위한 연구 및 정책 방향" 한국대기환경학회 33 (33): 191-204, 2017

3 박민빈 ; 이태정 ; 이은선 ; 김동술, "우리나라, 미국 및 유럽의 대기환경기준 강도에 관한 비교 연구" 한국대기환경학회 32 (32): 559-574, 2016

4 김동술, "우리나라 대기오염 역사, 규제의 변천, 현행 규제제도의 개선방안" 한국대기환경학회 29 (29): 353-368, 2013

5 김용표 ; 여민주, "서울의 대기환경기준물질 농도 추이" 한국대기환경학회 29 (29): 369-377, 2013

6 노상환, "사업장 배출허용기준 강화가 대기오염도에 미치는 영향" 한국환경정책학회 28 (28): 51-70, 2020

7 전병일, "부산지역 PM10과 PM2.5농도의 시간 및 공간적 변화 특성" 한국환경과학회 19 (19): 1013-1023, 2010

8 김정환 ; 김영성 ; 한진석 ; 박승명 ; 신혜정 ; 이상보 ; 김정수 ; 이강웅, "국내 기준성 대기오염물질의 권역별 장기 추이 및 원인 분석 : PM10과 오존을 중심으로" 한국대기환경학회 34 (34): 1-15, 2018

9 Ministry of Environment(ME), "White Paper of Environment" 2014

10 World Health Organization(WHO), "WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide"

11 World Health Organization(WHO), "WHO Air quality guidelines global update 2005"

12 Tsai, W. -T., "Toxic Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs)in the Atmospheric Environment : Regulatory Aspects and Monitoring in Japan and Korea" 23 (23): 1-7, 2016

13 Kim, J. -S., "The Procedure of the Establishment of Ambient Air Quality Standards" 7 (7): 67-71, 1991

14 Yoon, K. -S., "The Evolution of the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards" 2018 (2018): 222-250, 2018

15 Ministry of Environment (ME), "The 3nd National Air Quality Improvement(2023-2032)"

16 Ministry of Environment (ME), "The 2nd National Air Quality Improvement (’16-’25)"

17 Korean Statistical Information Service(KOSIS), "Statistic of Number of internal migrants by one-year age groups for city, country, and district"

18 National Institute of Environmental Research Center (NIER), "Research for improvement of air quality standards(II)"

19 Korea Energy Statistical Information System (KESIS), "Primary Energy Supply"

20 Kim, D. -U., "Policy of Air Pollution Preservation Direction in the 21st Century" 22 (22): 17-27, 2000

21 "National Emission Ceilings Directive (NECD)"

22 "Ministry of Environment (ME)"

23 "Ministry of Environment (ME)"

24 "Ministry of Environment (ME)"

25 "Ministry of Environment (ME)"

26 "Ministry of Environment (ME)"

27 "Ministry of Environment (ME)"

28 "Ministry of Environment (ME)"

29 김정환 ; 이지민 ; 한진석 ; 최진수 ; 김대곤 ; 박진수 ; 이강웅, "Long-term Assessment of Ozone Nonattainment Changes in South Korea Compared to US, and EU Ozone Guidelines" 한국대기환경학회 15 (15): 1-13, 2021

30 Seoul Metropolitan Government (SMG), "Environment of Seoul 2006" 2006

31 Korea Economic Research Institute(KERi), "Environment and Automobile Industry"

32 Lee, S. -J., "Development of an Evaluation Model for Regulatory Effectiveness to Reduce PM2.5 and its Application in Seoul" The Seoul Institute 2022

33 Hwang, I. -C., "Cost-effective Reduction of Air Pollutants in Seoul" The Seoul Institute 2021

34 하종식, "Applying policy and health effects of air pollution in South Korea: focus on ambient air quality standards" 환경독성보건학회 29 : 1-7, 2014

35 National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), "Annual Report of Ambient Air Quality in Korea" 2015

36 National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), "Annual Report of Ambient Air Quality in Korea" 2008

37 National Institute of Environmental Research Center (NIER), "Annual Report of Ambient Air Quality in Korea" 2020

38 National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), "Annual Report of Ambient Air Quality in Korea" 2022

39 National Institute of Environmental Research Center (NIER), "Annual Report of Ambient Air Quality in Korea" 2021

40 World Health Organization(WHO), "Air quality guidelines for Europe, first release"

41 World Health Organization (WHO), "Air quality guidelines for Europe"

42 Kim, D. -C., "Air Quality Standards Improvement Method" 11 (11): 24-30, 1993

43 Ministry of Environment(ME), "Air Emission Charge"

44 National Institute of Environmental Research Center (NIER), "A study to establish PM2.5 air quality standards"

45 National Institute of Environmental Research Center (NIER), "A study on Vehicle Emission Characteristics of Air Pollutant" 2019

46 Ministry of Environment(ME), "A Study on the Establishment of Air Conservation Policy in the 2000s" 2000

47 Ministry of Environment (ME), "A Study on the Advancement of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards"

48 Kim, D. -S., "A Comparative Study on Ambient Air Quality Standard for Ozone" 15 (15): 159-173, 1999