Background: Identifying heterogeneity in subsequent treatment trajectories at an early stage of first-episode psychosis is clinically important for establishing individualized treatment strategies, reducing unnecessary distress for patients and caregi...
Background: Identifying heterogeneity in subsequent treatment trajectories at an early stage of first-episode psychosis is clinically important for establishing individualized treatment strategies, reducing unnecessary distress for patients and caregivers, and improving long-term outcomes. However, neurobiological markers associated with later treatment resistance in first-episode psychosis have not been sufficiently investigated. Cortical gyrification is largely established during the prenatal and early developmental periods and is considered a relatively stable structural characteristic that is not substantially altered by symptom fluctuations or treatment course. Owing to these properties, cortical gyrification has been proposed as a structural marker reflecting neurodevelopmental vulnerability from the early stages of illness. Nevertheless, patterns of cortical gyrification in first-episode psychosis and their associations with subsequent treatment resistance remain unclear. The present study aimed to examine whether cortical gyrification patterns measured at the first-episode psychosis stage differ according to later treatment resistance status.
Methods: A total of 101 patients with first-episode psychosis and 101 age-, sex-, and handedness-matched healthy controls underwent T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging at study enrollment. Patients with first-episode psychosis subsequently received treatment, including antipsychotic medication, in a naturalistic clinical setting and were classified according to treatment resistance status at the final follow-up. Treatment resistance was defined as either clozapine use or the persistence of at least moderate symptoms despite adequate trials of two or more antipsychotic medications at sufficient doses and durations, in accordance with the Treatment Response and Resistance in Psychosis Working Group Consensus criteria. Cortical gyrification patterns were assessed using the local gyrification index, calculated vertex-wise across the entire cortical surface using the FreeSurfer pipeline. Local gyrification index values were compared between the patients with first-episode psychosis and healthy controls, as well as between patients later classified as treatment-resistant and non–treatment-resistant.
Results: Compared with healthy controls, patients with first-episode psychosis exhibited hypogyria in three clusters: (1) regions encompassing the precuneus, cuneus, and lingual gyrus; (2) cortical areas including the precentral and postcentral gyri; and (3) the insular region (p < 0.05, cluster-wise correction). Among these regions, patients who were later classified as treatment-resistant showed significantly lower local gyrification index values in the cluster encompassing the precuneus, cuneus, and lingual gyrus compared with healthy controls. In contrast, patients later classified as non–treatment-resistant exhibited significantly lower local gyrification index values in the cluster including the precentral and postcentral gyri relative to healthy controls (p < 0.05). Direct comparisons between treatment-resistant and non–treatment-resistant patients did not reveal significant local gyrification index differences; however, when antipsychotic dosage at the time of magnetic resonance imaging acquisition was included as a covariate, a group difference emerged in the supramarginal gyrus (p < 0.05).
Conclusions: This study demonstrates that differences in cortical gyrification are already present at the first-episode psychosis stage and that these differences may manifest in distinct patterns according to subsequent treatment resistance status. Patients later classified as treatment-resistant exhibited hypogyria in posterior cortical regions encompassing the precuneus, cuneus, and lingual gyrus, whereas non–treatment-resistant patients showed hypogyria primarily in the region including precentral and postcentral gyri. These findings suggest that treatment-resistant and non–treatment-resistant psychosis may be characterized by distinct neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Taken together, these findings suggest that cortical gyrification patterns may index biologically meaningful heterogeneity in psychosis that is already present at the first-episode stage, rather than reflecting a uniform structural abnormality.