Breaking through the glass ceiling : women in management : report for the discussion at the Tripartite Meeting on Breaking through the Glass Ceiling: Women in Management

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Introduction = 1
• 1. Labour force participation : Women in professional and managerial jobs = 3
• 1.1 Introduction = 3
• 1.2 Women in the labour force : The "flattening M" = 5
• 1.3 Women's jobs in flexible labour markets = 6
• 1.4 Men's jobs, women's jobs : Occupational segregation = 6
• 1.5 Closing the pay gap between men and women = 10
• 1.6 Difficulties in classifying professional and managerial employees for statistical purposes = 12
• 1.7 Women in professional and managerial jobs : The figures = 13
• 1.8 A steady but slow upward trend in women's achievement at higher levels = 14
• 1.9 Women at the top = 19
• 1.10 Women managers in the financial, business and banking sectors = 21
• 1.11 Women managers in the public service = 22
• 1.12 Occupational segregation in management = 22
• 1.13 "Glass walls" = 23
• 1.14 Women and decision-making = 24
• 1.15 Earnings gaps in management = 25
• 1.16 Career and family = 27
• 1.17 Gender equality in society : Social and economic indicators = 29
• 2. Improving women's qualifications and opportunities : Key to breaking through the glass ceiling = 36
• 2.1 Introduction = 36
• 2.2 Girls' improved educational achievement levels = 36
• 2.3 New gender choices in careers = 40
• 2.4 Strategies to widen educational choices of girls and women = 45
• 2.4.1 Eliminating sex-role stereotyping in educational curricula = 45
• 2.4.2 Awareness raising on educational choices = 47
• 2.4.3 Promoting gender equality in the teaching profession = 48
• 2.5 Different educational choices for different occupational futures = 51
• 3. Enterprise practices and women's careers = 53
• 3.1 Introduction = 53
• 3.2 Gender differences in career paths = 54
• 3.3 Getting over the recruitment hurdle = 57
• 3.4 Getting started : Initial placement = 58
• 3.5 Promotion opportunities = 59
• 3.6 The right training = 60
• 3.7 Working time = 61
• 3.8 Job design and work organization = 61
• 3.9 Balancing professional and family responsibilities = 62
• 3.10 Combating sexual harassment = 63
• 3.11 Human resource management to advancement women = 65
• 3.11.1 Equal employment opportunity policies = 65
• 3.11.2 Achieving targets : Positive action = 66
• 3.11.3 Diversity management = 67
• 3.11.4 Total E-Quality = 69
• 3.11.5 Human resources information : The need for benchmarking = 69
• 3.12 Key career-building strategies = 70
• 3.12.1 Networking = 70
• 3.12.2 Career tracking = 70
• 3.12.3 Mentoring = 71
• 3.12.4 Succession planning = 72
• 3.12.5 A comprehensive approach = 72
• 3.13 Ensuring effectiveness = 74
• 3.13.1 Sensitization = 74
• 3.13.2 Evaluation = 74
• 3.13.3 Commitment and accountability = 74
• 3.14 Shattering the glass ceiling = 75
• 4. Promoting women in management = 78
• 4.1 Introduction = 78
• 4.2 National policies and programmes = 78
• 4.2.1 Promoting positive action = 78
• 4.2.2 Programmes addressing the "glass ceiling" = 80
• 4.3 The role of the social partners = 81
• 4.4 Women networking = 82
• 4.5 Conclusion = 83
• 5. International action to promote equal employment opportunities = 86
• 5.1 Introduction = 86
• 5.2 ILO standards on women workers = 86
• 5.3 ILO standards on gender equality = 86
• 5.3.1 Discrimination in employment and occupation = 86
• 5.3.2 Equal remuneration = 88
• 5.3.3 Workers with family responsibilities = 88
• 5.3.4 Other instruments = 89
• 5.4 ILO standards on maternity protection = 90
• 5.5 From protection to equal treatment = 90
• 5.6 ILO programmes to promote equality in employment = 91
• 5.6.1 Women workers' rights = 92
• 5.6.2 Mainstreaming gender issues = 92
• 5.6.3 Women in management = 92
• 5.6.4 Gender issues in employers' organizations = 92
• 5.6.5 Gender issues in trade unions = 93
• 5.7 The United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women = 93
• 5.8 Follow-up to the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women = 93
• 5.9 Looking forward : The ILO's International Programme on More and Better Jobs for Women = 94
• 6. Summary and points for discussion = 96