Buckling experiments : experimental methods in buckling of thin-walled structures

목차 (Table of Contents)

• [volume. vol.1]----------
• CONTENTS
• Vol. 1 : Basic Concepts, Columns, Beams and Plates = ⅴ
• Preface = xv
• Abbreviated Contents of Vol. 2 : Shells, Built-up Structures and Additional Topics = xi
• 1 Introduction = 1
• 1.1 Experiments as Essential Links in Structural Mechanics = 1
• 1.2 The Role of Experiments in Structural Stability = 3
• 1.3 Motivation for Experiments = 5
• 1.4 Bridging Gaps Between Disciplines = 9
• References = 11
• 2 Concepts of Elastic Stability = 15
• 2.1 Physical Concepts - Types of Observed Behavior and Their Meaning = 15
• 2.1.1 Instability of Columns = 16
• 2.1.2 Instability of Plates = 18
• 2.1.3 Instability of Columns with Compound Cross-Sections = 21
• 2.1.4 Effect of Modal Coupling = 25
• 2.1.5 Buckling of Frames = 28
• 2.1.6 Lateral Buckling of Beams = 32
• 2.1.7 Instability due to Patch Loading = 36
• 2.1.8 Buckling of Beam-Columns = 39
• 2.1.9 Buckling of Rings and Arches = 41
• 2.1.10 Buckling of Shallow Arches = 45
• 2.1.11 Buckling of Circular Cylindrical Shells = 50
• a. Axial Compression = 53
• b. Combined External Pressure and Axial Compression = 57
• c. Combined Torsion and Axial Compression = 59
• d. Combined Bending and Axial Compression = 63
• 2.1.12 Buckling of Shells of Revolution = 66
• a. Externally Pressurized Shallow Spherical Caps = 69
• b. Toroidal Shell Segments under External Pressure(P＝-Pe) = 72
• c. Toroidal Segments under Axial Tension = 77
• d. Domed(torispherical) End-Closures under Internal Pressure = 78
• 2.1.13 Influence of Nonlinear Effects = 80
• a. Axially Compressed Cylindrical Shells = 81
• b. Bending of Cylinders - Ovalization of the Cross-Section = 84
• c. Plastic Buckling = 88
• 2.2 Mathematical Models for Perfect Structures = 94
• 2.2.1 Static Versus Kinematic Approach = 95
• 2.2.2 Approximate Solutions of Bifurcation Problems = 101
• a. The Rayleigh-Ritz Method = 102
• b. Galerkin's Method = 106
• 2.2.3 Computational Tools for Bifurcation Problems = 110
• a. The BOSOR-4 Branched Complex Shell of Revolution Code = 111
• b. Finite Element Formulation of Bifurcation Problems = 121
• References = 124
• 3 Postbuckling Behavior of Structures = 131
• 3.1 Introduction = 131
• 3.2 Asymptotic Imperfection Sensitivity Analysis = 134
• 3.2.1 Initial Postbuckling Behavior of Columns = 136
• 3.2.2 Initial Postbuckling Behavior of Plates = 139
• 3.2.3 Initial Postbuckling Behavior of Shells = 143
• 3.2.4 Experimental Verification = 148
• 3.3 Direct Solutions of the Nonlinear Stability Problem = 154
• 3.3.1 Elastic Postbuckling Behavior of Columns = 154
• 3.3.2 Plastic Postbuckling Behavior of Columns = 156
• 3.3.3 Postbuckling Behavior of Plates = 160
• a. Perfect Plates = 161
• b. Imperfect Plates = 166
• 3.3.4 Postbuckling Behavior of Circular Cylindrical Shells = 167
• a. Perfect Shells = 167
• b. Imperfect Shells = 170
• 3.3.5 Concluding Remarks = 175
• References = 177
• 4 Elements of a Simple Buckling Test - a Column Under Axial Compression = 181
• 4.1 Columns and Imperfections = 181
• 4.2 Von K$$\acute a$$rm$$\acute a$$n's Experiments = 182
• 4.3 The Basic Elements of a Buckling Experiment = 185
• 4.4 Demonstration Experiments = 187
• 4.4.1 University College London Initial Postbuckling Experiments = 187
• 4.4.2 Mechanical Models = 189
• 4.5 Southwell's Method = 194
• 4.5.1 Derivation of Southwell Plot for a Column = 194
• 4.5.2 Application to von K$$\acute a$$rm$$\acute a$$n's Columns = 195
• 4.6 Application of the Southwell Method to Columns, Beam Columns and Frames = 197
• 4.6.1 Lundquist Plot = 197
• 4.6.2 Donnell's Applications of the Southwell Plot = 198
• 4.6.3 Applications to Frames and Lateral Buckling of Beams = 203
• 4.6.4 Southwell's Method as a Nondestructive Test Method = 206
• 4.7 Remarks on the Applicability of the Southwell Plot = 207
• References = 213
• 5 Modeling - Theory and Practice = 217
• 5.1 Mathematical and Physical Modeling = 217
• 5.2 Dimensional Analysis = 218
• 5.2.1 The Procedure in Dimensional Analysis = 218
• 5.2.2 The Buckingham Pi Theorem = 219
• 5.3 Similarity = 220
• 5.3.1 The Concept of Similarity = 220
• 5.3.2 Model Laws = 221
• 5.4 Application to Statically Loaded Elastic Structures = 223
• 5.4.1 Prescribed Loads = 223
• 5.4.2 Displacements and Strains = 226
• 5.5 Loading Beyond Proportional and Elastic Limits = 228
• 5.6 Buckling Experiments = 229
• 5.6.1 Similarity Considerations for Buckling = 229
• 5.6.2 Choice of Materials for Buckling Experiments = 230
• 5.6.3 Elasto-Plastic Buckling = 232
• 5.6.4 Goodier and Thomson's Experiments on Shear Panels = 234
• 5.7 Scaling of Dynamically Loaded Structures = 237
• 5.7.1 Free Vibrations = 238
• 5.7.2 Impact of a Rigid Body on a Structure = 238
• 5.7.3 Scale Model Testing for Impact Loading = 241
• 5.7.4 Plates Subjected to Impulsive Normal Loading = 251
• 5.7.5 Response of Structures to Blast Loading = 254
• 5.8 Scaling of Composite Structures = 259
• 5.8.1 Problems in Scaling of Laminated Composites = 259
• 5.8.2 Scaling Rules for Laminated Beams and Plates = 260
• 5.8.3 Scaling for Strength and Large Deflections of Composites = 260
• 5.8.4 Scaling of Composite Plates = 268
• 5.8.5 Scaling of Composite Cylindrical Shells = 270
• 5.9 Model Analysis in Structural Engineering = 272
• 5.9.1 Model Analysis as a Design Tool = 272
• 5.9.2 Model Analysis in Vibration Studies = 273
• 5.9.3 Buckling Experiments on Models of a Composite Ship Hull Structure = 275
• 5.9.4 Design of Thames Barrier Gates = 279
• 5.9.5 Photoelastic Models = 281
• 5.10 Analogies = 282
• References = 283
• 6 Columns, Beams and Frameworks = 289
• 6.1 Buckling and Postbuckling of Columns = 289
• 6.1.1 Column Curves and "Secondary" Effects in Column Experiments = 289
• 6.1.2 Column Testing = 294
• 6.1.3 Test Procedures = 297
• a. Preparation of Specimens = 299
• b. Initial Dimensions = 299
• c. Aligning the Column Specimen = 299
• d. Instrumentation = 299
• e. Testing = 300
• f. Presentation of Test Data = 302
• g. Evaluation of Test Results = 303
• 6.1.4 Columns in Offshore Structures = 303
• 6.1.5 End-Fitting Effects in Column Tests = 304
• 6.2 Crippling Strength = 309
• 6.2.1 Crippling Failure = 309
• 6.2.2 Gerard's Method for Calculation of Crippling Stresses = 310
• 6.2.3 Crippling Strength Tests = 311
• 6.2.4 Crinkly Collapse = 314
• 6.2.5 Thin-Walled Cold-Formed and Welded Columns = 315
• 6.3 Torsional-Flexural and Distortional Buckling = 320
• 6.3.1 Torsional Buckling = 320
• 6.3.2 Torsional-Flexural Buckling Tests = 320
• 6.3.3 Distortional Buckling = 326
• 6.4 Lateral Buckling of Beams = 328
• 6.4.1 Lateral instability of beams = 328
• 6.4.2 Prandtl's Lateral Buckling Experiments = 329
• 6.4.3 Other Early Lateral Buckling Tests = 330
• 6.4.4 Recent Lateral Buckling Investigations = 333
• 6.5 Interactive Buckling in Columns and Beams = 344
• 6.5.1 Mode Interaction and Early Studies = 344
• 6.5.2 Interactive Buckling Experiments = 345
• 6.6 Beam-Columns = 356
• 6.6.1 Beam-Columns as Structural Elements = 356
• 6.6.2 Recent Experiments on Tubular Beam-Columns = 357
• 6.7 Buckling of Frameworks = 367
• 6.7.1 Frame instability = 367
• 6.7.2 Tests on Model Frames = 369
• 6.7.3 Behavior of Connections = 371
• 6.7.4 Seismic Loads on Multi-Story Frames = 377
• 6.7.5 Space Structures = 392
• References = 397
• 7 Arches and Rings = 409
• 7.1 Background = 409
• 7.2 Shallow Arches = 410
• 7.2.1 Arches Under Concentrated Loads = 410
• a. Circular Arch = 420
• b. Sinusoidal Arch = 422
• 7.2.2 Arches Under Uniform Pressure Loading = 427
• 7.2.3 Additional Empirical Investigations = 434
• 7.3 Rings and High Rise Arches = 434
• 7.3.1 Rings - Contact Buckling = 434
• 7.3.2 High Rise Arches = 439
• 7.4 Lateral Buckling of Arches = 440
• 7.4.1 Theoretical Background = 440
• 7.4.2 Experimental Studies = 443
• References = 450
• 8 Plate Buckling = 453
• 8.1 Buckling and Postbuckling of Plates = 453
• 8.1.1 Historical Background = 453
• 8.1.2 Effective Width = 455
• 8.1.3 Postbuckling Behavior and "Secondary Buckling" = 459
• 8.1.4 Influence of Geometric Imperfections = 464
• 8.1.5 Influence of Residual Stresses = 465
• 8.2 Experiments on Axially Compressed Plates = 470
• 8.2.1 The US Bureau of Standards Test Setup = 470
• 8.2.2 Needle and Roller Bearings and Knife Edges for Simple Supports = 473
• 8.2.3 The ETH Zurich and US Navy DTMB Plate Buckling Tests = 479
• 8.2.4 The Cambridge University "Finger" Supports = 484
• 8.2.5 Other Examples of Simple and Clamped Supports = 491
• 8.2.6 Loading Systems = 498
• 8.2.7 Large Test Rigs = 503
• 8.2.8 Special Loading Systems for Annular Plates = 505
• 8.2.9 Deflection Measurement = 508
• 8.2.10 Controlled(Deliberate) Initial Deflections = 512
• 8.3 Determination of Critical Load and Southwell's Method in Plates = 516
• 8.3.1 Definition of the Buckling Load in Plates = 516
• 8.3.2 Southwell's Method in Plates = 520
• 8.3.3 Pivotal Plots for Plates = 528
• 8.3.4 More Recent Applications of Southwell Plots and Recommendations = 531
• 8.3.5 Summary of Direct Methods for Determination of Buckling Loads in Plates = 533
• 8.4 Experiments on Shear Panels = 538
• 8.4.1 Buckling and Postbuckling of Shear Panels = 538
• 8.4.2 Experiments on Plates Subjected to Shear - Picture Frames = 542
• 8.4.3 Strength Tests on Plate Girders Under Shear = 546
• 8.4.4 Technion Repeated Buckling Tests on Shear Panels = 552
• 8.4.5 Aerospace Industrial Test Setups = 558
• 8.5 Web Crippling = 561
• 8.5.1 Web Crippling Due to Concentrated or Patch Loads = 561
• 8.5.2 Web Crippling Tests = 564
• 8.6 Biaxial Loading = 570
• 8.6.1 Plates Under Multiple Loading = 570
• 8.6.2 Biaxial In-Plane Compression Tests = 570
• 8.7 Guidelines to Modern Plate Buckling Experiments = 577
• 8.7.1 Guidelines or Ideas for Future Tests = 577
• 8.7.2 Noteworthy Details in Some Modern Plate Tests = 582
• 8.7.3 Imperial College London High Stiffness Test Machine = 588
• References = 591
• Author Index to Vol. 1 = 603
• Subject Index to Vol. 1 = 611
• [volume. vol.2]----------
• CONTENTS
• Preface to Volume 1 = xiii
• Preface to Volume 2 = xvii
• Abbreviated Contents of Vol. 1 : Basic Concepts, Columns, Beams and Plates = xix
• 9 Shell Buckling Experiments = 623
• 9.1 Introduction = 623
• 9.1.1 Historical Background - Shells under External Pressure = 623
• 9.1.2 Historical Background - Axially Compressed Shells = 628
• 9.2 Buckling and Postbuckling Behavior of Axially Compressed Cylindrical Shells = 631
• 9.2.1 Sequence of Events in an Axial Compression Experiment = 631
• 9.2.2 Influence of Rigidity of Test Machine = 640
• 9.3 Model Fabrication for Isotropic Shells = 641
• 9.3.1 Electroforming = 641
• 9.3.2 Mylar Shell Specimens = 644
• 9.3.3 Thermal Vacuum Forming = 646
• 9.3.4 Spin-Casting and Other Thermoforming Processes for Plastic Models = 648
• 9.3.5 Cold-Worked and Machined Metal Shells = 652
• 9.3.6 Seamless Commercial Drink Cans = 654
• 9.3.7 Realistically Fabricated Shells = 654
• 9.4 Test Setups for Cylindrical Shells under Axial Compression = 655
• 9.4.1 Typical Experiments of the Fifties and Sixties = 655
• 9.4.2 Tohuko University Test Setup for Postbuckling Studies = 659
• 9.4.3 Stanford University High-Precision Test Rig = 664
• 9.4.4 Typical Modern Test Systems for Cylindrical Shells = 666
• 9.5 Recording of Buckling and Postbuckling Behavior = 674
• 9.5.1 Determination of Onset of Buckling = 674
• 9.5.2 Buckling Behavior of Oval Cylindrical Shells = 675
• 9.5.3 High-Speed Photography = 677
• 9.5.4 Strain Gages for Detection of Incipient Buckling = 678
• 9.6 Southwell's Method for Shells = 679
• 9.6.1 Application of the Method in Case of External Pressure = 680
• 9.6.2 Stanford University and Georgia Tech Comprehensive Studies = 684
• 9.6.3 Application to Spherical Shells = 689
• 9.6.4 Application to Stiffened Cylindrical and Conical Shells = 690
• 9.6.5 On the Applicability of Southwell's Method of Shells = 693
• 9.7 Cylindrical Shells under External Pressure, Bending or Torsion = 695
• 9.7.1 External Pressure Loading = 695
• 9.7.2 Bending = 702
• 9.7.3 Torsion = 710
• 9.8 Combined Loading = 715
• 9.8.1 Buckling of Pressure Stabilized Shells = 715
• 9.8.2 Combined Loading Test Setups = 717
• 9.8.3 Repeated Buckling Approach = 719
• 9.9 Conical Shells = 722
• 9.9.1 Conicity Effects and Definitions = 722
• 9.9.2 Early Buckling Experiments of Conical Shells = 723
• 9.9.3 Technion Experimental Program = 726
• 9.9.4 Stanford University Experiments = 733
• 9.9.5 Ghent University Tests on Liquid-Filled Cones = 735
• 9.10 Spherical Shells = 738
• 9.10.1 Spherical Caps = 738
• 9.10.2 More Recent Experiments on Spherical Caps - Effect of Boundary Conditions = 741
• 9.10.3 Complete Spherical Shells = 746
• 9.10.4 Large Fabricated Spherical Shells = 753
• 9.10.5 Spherical Shells Subjected to Concentrated Loads = 761
• 9.11 Toroidal Shells, Torispherical Shells, Buckling nuder Internal Pressure = 762
• 9.11.1 Toroidal Shells = 762
• 9.11.2 Torispherical Shells under External Pressure = 768
• 9.11.3 Buckling under Internal Pressure = 777
• 9.12 Shells Subjected to Transverse Shear Loads = 787
• 10 Initial Imperfections = 809
• 10.1 Introduction = 809
• 10.2 Early Incomplete Imperfection Surveys = 810
• 10.3 Early Complete Imperfection Surveys = 815
• 10.4 The Awakening of Imperfection Measurement Awareness = 820
• 10.5 Complete Imperfection Surveys on Large or Full-Scale Cylindrical Shells = 820
• 10.6 Imperfection Surveys on Large Shells of Revolution = 825
• 10.7 Recent Laboratory Scale Imperfection Measurement Systems = 828
• 10.8 Evaluation of Imperfection Data = 831
• 10.9 Characteristic Initial Imperfection Distributions = 836
• 10.9.1 Laboratory Scale Shells = 836
• 10.9.2 Full Scale Shells - Riveted Seams = 837
• 10.9.3 Full Scale Shells - Welded Seams = 838
• 10.10 Imperfection Data Banks = 840
• 10.11 Probabilistic Design Methods = 841
• 10.11.1 Closed-Form Solution = 841
• 10.11.2 Monte Carlo Method = 843
• 10.11.3 Response Surface Method = 845
• 10.12 Residual Stresses = 847
• 10.13 Imperfection Measurements and Data Banks in Columns and Plates = 852
• 10.14 Concluding Remarks = 856
• 11 Boundary Conditions and Loading Conditions = 863
• 11.1 Column Buckling = 863
• 11.2 Plate Buckling = 865
• 11.2.1 Column Behavior = 866
• 11.2.2 Flange Behavior = 867
• 11.2.3 Plate Behavior = 868
• 11.2.4 Elastically Supported Unloadod Edges = 869
• 11.2.5 Effect of Boundary Conditions for Shear Loading = 871
• 11.2.6 Experimental Verification = 873
• 11.2.7 Effect of Boundary Conditions on Postbuckling Behavior = 875
• 11.3 Buckling of Circular Cylindrical Shells = 875
• 11.3.1 Effect of Boundary Conditions Using Membrane Prebuckling = 876
• 11.3.2 Effect of Boundary Conditions Using Rigorous Prebuckling = 884
• 11.3.3 Effect of Elastic Boundary Conditions Using Rigorous Prebuckling = 886
• 11.3.4 Load Eccentricity Effects = 897
• 11.4 Concluding Remarks = 899
• 12 Stiffened Plates = 905
• 12.1 Built-up Structures, Local and General Instability = 905
• 12.2 Buckling and Postbuckling Strength of Stiffened Plates = 905
• 12.2.1 Introduction = 905
• 12.2.2 Analysis of Stiffened Plates = 906
• 12.2.3 Mode Interaction in Stiffened Panels = 906
• 12.3 Experiments on Stiffened Plates Subjected to Axial Compression = 907
• 12.3.1 Local Buckling Tests = 907
• 12.3.2 Early Small-Scale Tests = 907
• 12.3.3 University College, London, Small-Scale Tests = 910
• 12.3.4 Manchester University Experiments = 915
• 12.3.5 Welded Steel Ship Grillage Tests = 921
• 12.3.6 Large-Scale Civil Engineering Tests = 931
• 12.3.7 Single-Stiffener Panels = 936
• 12.3.8 Aerospace Tests = 939
• 12.4 Sandwich Plates = 943
• 12.4.1 Sandwich Structures = 943
• 12.4.2 Buckling Tests of Sandwich Plates = 944
• 13 Stiffened Shells = 955
• 13.1 Global and Local Buckling of Stiffened Shells = 955
• 13.1.1 Introduction = 955
• 13.1.2 Closely Stiffened Shells = 955
• 13.1.3 Linear Smeared Stiffener Theory = 956
• 13.1.4 Eccentricity and Discreteness Effects = 959
• 13.1.5 Boundary Effects = 961
• 13.1.6 Adequacy and Bounds of Validity of Linear Smeared Stiffener Theory = 964
• 13.2 Model Fabrication for Stiffened Shells = 966
• 13.2.1 Machined Shells = 966
• 13.2.2 Small-Scale Welded Specimens = 974
• 13.2.3 Realistically Fabricated Small-Scale Stiffened Shells = 979
• 13.2.4 Plastic Models = 983
• 13.2.5 Large Stiffened Shells = 985
• 13.3 Experiments on Stiffened Cylindrical Shells Subject to Axial Compression = 991
• 13.3.1 Technion Axial Compression Tests = 991
• 13.3.2 Axial Compression Tests on Small Welded Shells = 994
• 13.3.3 Testing of Large Shells Subject to Axial Compression = 996
• 13.4 Experiments on Stiffened Cylindrical Shells under External Pressure, Bending and Torsion = 999
• 13.4.1 External Pressure Tests = 999
• 13.4.2 Bending Tests = 1006
• 13.4.3 Torsion Tests and Combined Loading = 1009
• 13.5 Stiffened Conical and Spherical Shells = 1013
• 13.5.1 Stiffened Conical Shells = 1013
• 13.5.2 Technion Tests on Stiffened Conical Shells = 1013
• 13.5.3 More Recent Tests on Stiffened Conical Shells = 1017
• 13.5.4 Stiffened Spherical Shells = 1020
• 13.6 Experiments on Stiffened Curved Panels = 1022
• 13.6.1 Curved Panel Experiments = 1022
• 13.6.2 Early Lockheed-UC Berkeley Tests = 1025
• a. Deflectometers = 1025
• b. Load distribution = 1026
• c. Scale factor = 1027
• d. Retest technique = 1027
• e. Experimental method = 1027
• 13.6.3 Lockheed Palo Alto Stiffened Cylindrical Panels = 1027
• a. Potting of panel ends = 1032
• b. Installation of panel in test frame = 1032
• c. Application of loads in test frame = 1033
• 13.7 Special Stiffened Shells = 1034
• 13.7.1 Corrugated Shells Subject to Axial Compression and Bending = 1034
• 13.7.2 Corrugated Shells Subject to External Pressure = 1038
• 13.7.3 Elastically Supported and Sandwich Shells = 1040
• 13.7.4 Tube-Stiffened Shells = 1043
• 14 Composite Structures = 1053
• 14.1 Background = 1053
• 14.2 Flat Panels = 1054
• 14.2.1 Unstiffened Panels = 1054
• a. Theoretical Considerations = 1054
• b. Axial Compression Loading Experiments = 1063
• c. Shear Loading = 1085
• d. Combined Loading = 1102
• e. Crippling = 1105
• 14.2.2 Stiffened Panels = 1117
• a. Axial Compression Tests = 1118
• b. Shear Loading Tests = 1147
• c. Combined Loading = 1155
• 14.3 Wing Box Structures = 1157
• 14.4 Curved Panels and Shells = 1165
• 14.4.1 Unstiffened Panels and Shells = 1165
• a. Theoretical Considerations = 1165
• b. Axial Compression Experiments = 1169
• c. Bending Experiments = 1208
• d. Shear Buckling Experiments = 1212
• e. Lateral Loading Buckling Experiments = 1215
• f. Combined Loading Buckling Experiments = 1220
• 14.4.2 Stiffened Panels and Shells = 1223
• 14.4.3 Corrugated Cylinders = 1229
• 14.5 Concluding Remarks = 1232
• 15 Nondestructive Buckling Tests = 1243
• 15.1 Nondestructive Methods for Buckling Tests = 1243
• 15.2 Vibration Correlation Techniques(VCT) = 1244
• 15.2.1 Correlation between Vibration and Buckling = 1244
• 15.2.2 Vibration Correlation Techniques(VCT) for Determination of Boundary Conditions and Buckling Loads in Columns = 1246
• 15.2.3 VCT for Determination of Boundary Conditions and Buckling Loads in Plates = 1252
• 15.2.4 Correlation between Vibrations and Buckling for Shells = 1256
• 15.2.5 VCT for Determination of Boundary Conditions in Shells = 1258
• 15.2.6 Application of VCT to Practical Boundary Conditions and Realistically Fabricated Shells = 1262
• 15.2.7 VCT for External Pressure and Combined Loading = 1270
• 15.2.8 VCT for Direct Prediction of Buckling Loads in Shells = 1271
• 15.2.9 Other Recent Vibration Correlation Methods = 1274
• 15.2.10 The Status of VCT = 1283
• 15.3 Static Nondestructive Methods = 1284
• 15.3.1 Experimental Determination of End Fixity = 1284
• 15.3.2 Force／Stiffness Techniques = 1288
• 15.3.3 Further Application of Force／Stiffness Methods = 1290
• 16 Plastic Buckling Experiments = 1299
• 16.1 Plastic Buckling Phenomena = 1299
• 16.1.1 Introduction = 1299
• 16.1.2 Inelastic Column Theory = 1299
• 16.1.3 The Flow Theory versus Deformation Theory Paradox - The Cruciform Column = 1301
• 16.2 Plastic Buckling Experiments = 1305
• 16.2.1 Plastic Buckling of Columns = 1305
• 16.2.2 Plastic Buckling of Plates = 1309
• 16.2.3 NACA Langley Tests in the Forties = 1311
• 16.2.4 More Recent Plastic Buckling Tests on Plates = 1313
• 16.2.5 Plastic Mechanisms in the Buckling of Thin-Walled Steel Structures = 1320
• 16.2.6 Plastic Buckling Tests on Cylindrical Shells under Axial Compression = 1327
• 16.2.7 Plastic Buckling of Cylindrical Shells Subjected to External Pressure = 1338
• 16.2.8 Plastic Buckling of Cylindrical Shells Subjected to Bending or Torsion = 1345
• 16.2.9 Plastic Buckling Tests on Conical, Spherical and Torispherical Shells = 1360
• 16.3 Combined Loading Tests in Plastic Buckling = 1369
• 16.3.1 Biaxial Loading in Columns and Plates = 1370
• 16.3.2 Biaxial Loading in Cylindrical Shells = 1373
• 16.3.3 Caltech Tests on Combined External Pressure and Axial Tension = 1376
• 16.4 Southwell's Method in the Plastic Range = 1389
• 16.4.1 Extension of Southwell's Method to Inelastic Columns = 1390
• 16.4.2 Southwell Plots in Plastic Buckling of Shells = 1393
• 16.5 Some General Remarks on Plastic Buckling = 1403
• 17 Influence of Holes, Cutouts and Damaged Structures = 1413
• 17.1 Effect of Holes and Cutouts on Plates and Shells = 1413
• 17.1.1 Introduction = 1413
• 17.1.2 The Effect of Holes and Cutouts in Plates = 1413
• 17.1.3 The Effect of Holes and Cutouts in Shells = 1418
• 17.1.4 Reinforcements = 1423
• 17.2 Experiments on Plates with Holes and Cutouts = 1426
• 17.2.1 Metal Plates and Webs = 1426
• 17.2.2 Composite Plates = 1434
• 17.3 Experiments on Shells with Holes and Cutouts = 1437
• 17.3.1 Metal Shells and Curved Panels = 1437
• 17.3.2 Composite Shells and Curved Panels = 1445
• 17.4 Stability and Strength of Damaged or Dented Shells = 1450
• 17.4.1 Buckling and Strength of Damaged Structures = 1450
• 17.4.2 Damaged Stiffened Shells = 1455
• 17.4.3 Buckling of Delaminated Composite Shells and Panels = 1462
• 18 Buckling under Dynamic Loads and Special Problems = 1471
• 18.1 Dynamic Buckling Phenomena = 1471
• 18.1.1 Background = 1471
• 18.1.2 Dynamic Buckling Criteria = 1473
• 18.1.3 Theoretical Considerations in Dynamic Pulse Buckling = 1476
• a. Elastic buckling of a simply supported bar = 1477
• b. Elastic buckling under eccentric loads = 1479
• c. Dynamic plastic flow buckling of bars = 1481
• d. Technion theoretical model = 1482
• 18.2 Impact Induced Buckling Experiments = 1487
• 18.2.1 Column Buckling = 1487
• 18.2.2 Plate Buckling = 1495
• 18.2.3 Buckling of Arches and Spherical Shells = 1501
• a. Arches = 1501
• b. Spherical shells = 1504
• 18.2.4 Buckling of Cylindrical Shells = 1510
• a. Buckling of rings and cylindrical shells subjected to radial loading = 1510
• b. Buckling of cylindrical shells under axial impact = 1514
• 18.3 Propagating Buckles = 1524
• 18.3.1 Propagation of Bulges in Inflated Elastic Tubes = 1525
• a. Volume-controlled inflation experiments = 1526
• b. Determination of propagation pressure of bulges = 1528
• 18.3.2 Propagation of Buckles in Long Tubes and Pipes under External Pressure = 1529
• a. Propagation buckle experiments = 1530
• b. Propagation pressure in presence of axial tension = 1532
• 18.3.3 Propagating Buckles in Long, Confined Cylindrical Shells = 1535
• a. Linearly elastic shells = 1535
• b. Elastic-plastic shells = 1536
• 18.3.4 Buckle Propagation in Long Shallow Panels = 1538
• 19 Thermal Buckling and Creep Buckling = 1547
• 19.1 Introduction = 1547
• 19.1.1 High-Temperature Effects in Structures = 1547
• 19.1.2 Structural Responses to High Temperatures = 1550
• 19.1.3 Thermal Protection Systems = 1555
• 19.2 High-Temperature Testing = 1559
• 19.2.1 Early Thermal Stress and Thermal Behavior Experiments = 1559
• 19.2.2 Methods for Rapid Heating = 1569
• 19.2.3 Measurements at High Temperatures = 1584
• 19.3 Thermal Buckling = 1596
• 19.3.1 Origins of Thermal Buckling = 1596
• 19.3.2 Early Thermal Buckling Experiments on Plates and Shells = 1598
• 19.3.3 Thermal Buckling Tests on Plates = 1603
• 19.3.4 Thermal Buckling Tests on Shells = 1611
• 19.4 Creep Buckling = 1626
• 19.4.1 The Concepts of Creep and Creep Buckling = 1626
• 19.4.2 Early Creep Buckling Experiments on Columns = 1631
• 19.4.3 Creep Buckling Tests on Plates = 1637
• 19.4.4 Creep Buckling Tests on Shells = 1644
• 20 Some Comments on Measurements = 1669
• 20.1 Introduction = 1669
• 20.2 Strain = 1671
• 20.2.1 Measurement of Strain = 1671
• 20.2.2 Mechanical Strain Gages = 1672
• 20.2.3 Optical Strain Gages = 1673
• 20.2.4 Acoustical and Pneumatic Strain Gages = 1675
• 20.2.5 Electrical Strain Gages = 1676
• 20.2.6 Semiconductor Strain Gages = 1678
• 20.2.7 Fiber-Optics Strain Sensors = 1679
• 20.2.8 Strain Gage Circuits and Instrumentation = 1680
• 20.3 Displacement Sensors = 1680
• 20.3.1 Displacement Measurements in Buckling Tests = 1680
• 20.3.2 Potentiometers and LVDT's = 1681
• 20.3.3 Other Displacement Sensors = 1683
• 20.4 Optical Methods = 1684
• 20.4.1 Basic Optical Methods = 1684
• 20.4.2 Photoelasticity and Photoelastic Coatings = 1685
• 20.4.3 Moir$$\acute e$$ Methods = 1686
• 20.4.4 Holographic Interferometry and Speckle Methods = 1689
• 20.5 Data Acquisition Systems = 1689
• 20.6 Additional Sensing Devices = 1691
• 20.6.1 Force Transducers - Load Cells = 1691
• 20.6.2 Pressure Transducers = 1692
• 20.6.3 Temperature Measurements = 1692
• 20.6.4 Accelerometers and Vibration Measurements = 1693
• 20.6.5 Acoustic and Thermal Emission Sensors = 1694
• 20.7 Summary = 1695
• Author Index = 1701
• Subject Index = 1707