This study experimentally investigated the effects of injector design variables and operating conditions on combustion characteristics in a 500 N sub-scale thrust chamber. For this study, cold-flow tests using simulated propellants, high-pressure hot-...
This study experimentally investigated the effects of injector design variables and operating conditions on combustion characteristics in a 500 N sub-scale thrust chamber. For this study, cold-flow tests using simulated propellants, high-pressure hot-firing tests using liquid oxygen/gaseous methane, and hot-firing tests varying the temperature of the propellant injection were conducted. Additionally, research was conducted on the laser ignition characteristics of a LOX/LNG thrust chamber equipped with a porous injector using a laser igniter which is the next-generation ignition method.
To investigate the spray characteristics of shear coaxial and swirl-coaxial injectors based on recess length and taper presence, measurements of injection pressure drop, discharge coefficient, breakup length, and spray angle were conducted using cold-flow tests with water and air as simulated propellants. The fuel injector exhibited less friction loss and a smaller injection pressure drop as the recess length increased. In the shear coaxial injector, the presence of the recess and taper tended to promote propellant breakup, resulting in a shorter breakup length. Conversely, the swirl coaxial injector showed a longer breakup length and a larger spray angle due to the presence of the recess and taper. Based on the results for breakup length and spray angle, the swirl coaxial injector is judged to have better atomization performance than the shear coaxial injector and is also expected to have improved combustion performance.
The effects of the recess length, presence of a taper, and oxidizer swirl on combustion characteristics in a sub-scale thrust chamber were verified through hot-firing tests. Hot-firing tests were conducted using liquid oxygen/gaseous methane as the propellant, under various combustion chamber pressures and mixture ratios based on the design point. Injectors with long recess lengths exhibited improved propellant atomization and mixing within the recess region, leading to increased combustion efficiency and heat flux. The presence of a taper reduced the liquid oxygen velocity at the oxidizer injector exit. This increased the momentum flux ratio with the gaseous methane, promoting propellant breakup and enhancing combustion efficiency. In the swirl coaxial injector, the presence of the taper suppressed low-frequency combustion instabilities. Finally, the combustion efficiency and heat flux results for the swirl coaxial injector were better than those for the shear coaxial injector.
In an expander cycle methane engine, fuel is injected into the combustion chamber in a high-temperature gaseous state. Therefore, hot-firing tests were conducted to change the fuel injection temperature, confirming the effect of fuel temperature on combustion characteristics. Additionally, the combustion characteristics were investigated with liquid oxygen injection temperature. The average characteristic velocity efficiency was approximately 1.33% higher when the liquid oxygen injection temperature was 130 K compared to 155 K. This is attributed to reduced atomization performance caused by two-phase flow at higher oxidizer temperatures. Lower oxidizer temperatures increase density, reducing injection pressure drop and potentially increasing susceptibility to low-frequency combustion instability. The high injection temperature of gaseous methane accelerated the methane injection velocity and increased the momentum flux ratio. This improved the propellant atomization performance, resulting in a 6.78% increase in the average combustion efficiency. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the increased injection pressure drop due to the higher methane temperature can suppress low-frequency combustion instability.
Laser ignition tests were conducted in a porous injector combustor using LOX/LNG as propellants to analyze the effect of propellant valve sequencing on hard start and ignition delay. Under oxidizer-lead conditions, the increased cumulative oxidizer mass prior to ignition led to higher instantaneous pressure in the combustion chamber at ignition, leading to an increased risk of hard start. The high fuel injection velocity and low propellant mixture ratio at the fuel-lead and short oxidizer-lead conditions prevented the flame kernel from anchoring to the injector, causing ignition delays and ignition failures. The sequence where the oxidizer is pre-supplied for approximately 0.005 seconds is presented as the most suitable ignition condition in this study.
The results of this study provide experimental evidence and design guidelines for the design of a methane engine coaxial injector, the influence of propellant temperature, and the laser ignition sequence configuration. This can provide useful fundamental data for the future development of methane-based liquid rocket engines.