Comprehensive comparative analysis of chloroplast genomes from seven Panax species and development of an authentication system based on species-unique single nucleotide polymorphism markers

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Background: Panax species are important herbal medicinal plants in the Araliaceae family. Recently, wereported the complete chloroplast genomes and 45S nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences from seven Panaxspecies, two (P. quinquefolius and P. trifolius) from North America and five (P. ginseng, P. notoginseng, P.
japonicus, P. vietnamensis, and P. stipuleanatus) from Asia.
Methods: We conducted phylogenetic analysis of these chloroplast sequences with 12 other Araliaceaespecies and comprehensive comparative analysis among the seven Panax whole chloroplast genomes.
Results: We identified 1,128 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in coding gene sequences, distributedamong 72 of the 79 protein-coding genes in the chloroplast genomes of the seven Panax species.
The other seven genes (including psaJ, psbN, rpl23, psbF, psbL, rps18, and rps7) were identical among thePanax species. We also discovered that 12 large chloroplast genome fragments were transferred into themitochondrial genome based on sharing of more than 90% sequence similarity. The total size of transferredfragments was 60,331 bp, corresponding to approximately 38.6% of chloroplast genome. Wedeveloped 18 SNP markers from the chloroplast genic coding sequence regions that were not similar toregions in the mitochondrial genome. These markers included two or three species-specific markers foreach species and can be used to authenticate all the seven Panax species from the others.
Conclusion: The comparative analysis of chloroplast genomes from seven Panax species elucidated theirgenetic diversity and evolutionary relationships, and 18 species-specific markers were able to discriminateamong these species, thereby furthering efforts to protect the ginseng industry from economicallymotivated adulteration.

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