Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized by discontinuous inflammation throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Cytokines are known to play a crucial role in inflammatory activation, and biological agents targeting T...
Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized by discontinuous inflammation throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Cytokines are known to play a crucial role in inflammatory activation, and biological agents targeting TNF are commonly used as treatment. While other cytokine-targeting drugs have been developed, their effectiveness in Crohn’s disease remains uncertain, likely because of the heterogeneity of the disease.
IBD is an intractable disease of unknown etiology, with various factors contributing to its pathogenesis. Genetic predisposition has been implicated through twin studies, but germline mutations alone cannot fully explain the localized inflammation and sporadic nature of Crohn’s disease.
This study focuses on the relationship between somatic mutations and Crohn’s disease. Recent research has identified mutations in IL-17A pathway genes in intestinal epithelial organoids from IBD patients. Building on these findings, we analyze somatic mutations in intestinal epithelial cells induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α) secreted by Th1 cells, in addition to the previously reported IL-17 pathway. Furthermore, we aim to elucidate the contribution of these mutations to Crohn’s disease progression and evaluate their potential as biomarkers for personalized treatment.
Tissue samples from 49 inflammatory sites, 58 non-inflammatory sites, and 9 remission sites were collected from Crohn’s disease patients and subjected to whole exome sequencing. A specialized mutation detection pipeline was developed and used to identify somatic mutations. The analysis revealed a significant accumulation of somatic mutations in epithelial cells under inflammatory conditions, suggesting that inflammation imposes a harsh environment on these cells, resulting in DNA damage. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that mutations in inflamed tissue were significantly associated with pathways related to epithelial functional impairment due to inflammation.
Unlike ulcerative colitis, fewer mutations in the IL-17 signaling pathway were detected in inflamed tissue from Crohn’s disease patients, indicating a limited role for IL-17 in Crohn’s disease pathogenesis. In contrast, mutations in the IFN-γ and TNF-α signaling pathways were identified, with significant differences in mutation frequency depending on the inflammatory site, particularly in the IFN-γ pathway. These findings suggest that among Th1 cytokines, IFN-γ may drive somatic mutations in intestinal epithelial cells under inflammatory conditions, and that these mutations help epithelial cells adapt to the inflammatory environment. Additionally, patients with persistent inflammation despite anti-TNF treatment had a higher frequency of mutations in IFN-γ-related genes compared to those in remission.
In conclusion, our study confirms that somatic mutations in intestinal epithelial cells in Crohn’s disease are more influenced by Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α) than by IL-17, leading to mutation accumulation in related pathways. Mutations in IFN-γ-related genes are particularly implicated in promoting cellular adaptation and survival in an inflammatory environment, potentially contributing to the persistence of inflammation. These findings suggest that Crohn’s disease patients with IFN-γ related mutations may benefit from therapies targeting the IFN-γ pathway.