구미 불산 누출사고 지점 주변 식물의 불소화합물 농도 분포 및 공기 중 불화수소 농도 추정에 관한 연구 = Study on the Distribution of Fluorides in Plants and the Estimation of Ambient Concentration of Hydrogen Fluoride Around the Area of the Accidental Release of Hydrogen Fluoride in Gumi

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Objectives: The goal of this study is to identify the distribution of the foliar fluorine content of vegetation surrounding the area where hydrofluoric acid was accidently released in Gumi, Gyeongsangbuk-do on September 27, 2012. In addition, it also aims to estimate the concentration of hydrogen fluoride in the air on the day of the accident. Methods: Samples of plant leaves were collected on October 7, 2012 within 1 km from the site where the accident occurred. These samples were analyzed for soluble fluorine ion with an ion selective electrode. The ambient concentration of hydrogen fluoride was calculated using the fluoride content in the plant via the dose-rate equation (${\Delta}F$=KCT). Results: The arithmetic and geometric means of the concentrations were 2158.2 and 1183.7mg F $kg^{-1}$ for leaves and, 2.4 and 1.1 ppm HF for the air, respectively. The highest concentration of hydrogen fluoride in the air was 14.7 ppm, which is higher than the maximum concentration reported by the government (1 ppm) and the exposure limit (ceiling, 3 ppm). The concentrations of both fluorine and hydrogen fluoride decreased with increasing distance from the accident site and showed a significant decrease outside of a 500m radius from the site (p <0.05). Conclusions: The area around the accident site was highly polluted with hydrogen fluoride according to the results of this study. Considering the persistency of hydrogen fluoride in the environment, long-term monitoring and environmental impact assessment should be pursued.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Lee YG, "Workshop report on the problems and action strategy on recent chemical accident release: Cases of Samsung Electronics and Gumi - Reform required to secure the right to know for the residents" Wonjin Institute for Occupational and Environmental Health 2013

2 SEWPaC, "Wild radish: Raphanus raphanistrum"

3 Vike E., "Uptake, deposition and wash off of fluoride and aluminium in plant foliage in the vicinity of an aluminium smelter in Norway" 160 (160): 145-159, 2005

4 ATSDR, "Toxicological profile for fluorides, hydrogen fluoride, and fluorine" Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 2003

5 Raman A, "The anatomical features of powdered Ginkgo biloba L. leaf as observed by light microscopy" 1 (1): 89-95, 1998

6 Peters D, "Symptoms and treatment of hydrogen fluoride injuries" 79 (79): 161-165, 1996

7 "Surface Weather Observation Data. Korea Meteorological Administration"

8 Christie K, "Rhamnaceae Buckthorn family" 2 (2): 23-46, 2006

9 NIER, "Report on the State of Environmental Pollution and Emergency Plan of Accidental Release of Hydrogen Fluoride in Gumi" Korea National Institute of Environmental Research 2012

10 Nwachukwu C, "Morphological and leaf epidermal features of Capsicum annuum and Capsicum frutescens" 5 (5): 54-60, 2007

11 Paris HS, "Medieval herbal iconography and lexicography of Cucumis (cucumber and melon, Cucurbitaceae) in the Occident, 1300-1458" 108 (108): 471-484, 2011

12 Sylvester AW, "Leaf shape and anatomy as indicators of phase change in the grasses: comparison of maize, rice, and bluegrass" 88 (88): 2157-2167, 2001

13 Kortekamp A, "Leaf hairs as a basic protective barrier against downy mildew of grape" 147 (147): 453-459, 1999

14 Park TJ, "Gumi confirms 55.4 billion won compensation fund for hydrofluoric acid release" Kyongbukilbo 2013

15 Weinstein LH, "Fluoride and plant life" 19 (19): 49-78, 1977

16 Carpenter R., "Factors controlling the marine geochemistry of fluorine" 33 (33): 1153-1167, 1969

17 MOEL, "Exposure Standard of Chemicals and Physical Parameters"

18 Doley D, "Experimental analysis of fluoride susceptibility of grape vine (Vitis Vinifera L.): Foliar fluoride accumulation in relation to ambient concentration and wind speed" 96 (96): 337-351, 1984

19 Haidouti C, "Effects of fluoride emissions from industry on the fluoride concentration of soils and vegetation" 21 (21): 195-208, 1993

20 Koblar A, "Effects of airborne fluoride on soil and vegetation" 132 (132): 755-759, 2011

21 McKenney TC., "Differentiation of sterile specimens of Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. and Diospyros virginiana L"

22 Cooke JA, "Determination of fluoride in vegetation: A review of modern techniques" 11 (11): 257-268, 1976

23 Tanaka K, "Cultivation of Perilla" CRC Press 9-17, 1997

24 Krelowska-Kulas M, "Content of fluorine in vegetables and fruits from an industrial area" 38 (38): 397-401, 1994

25 Arnesen AKM, "Aluminium-smelters and fluoride pollution of soil and soil solution in Norway" 163 (163): 39-53, 1995

26 Wing JS, "Acute health effects in a community after a release of hydrofluoric acid" 46 (46): 155-160, 1991

27 Franzaring J, "Active biomonitoring of airborne fluoride near an HF producing factory using standardised grass cultures" 41 (41): 4828-4840, 2007

28 Horntvedt R., "Accumulation of airborne fluorides in forest trees and vegetation" 27 (27): 73-82, 1997

29 Jacobson JS, "A simple, rapid potentiometric method for the estimation of fluoride in vegetation" 1 (1): 43-47, 1971

30 Erdal S, "A quantitative look at fluorosis, fluoride exposure, and intake in children using a health risk assessment approach" 113 (113): 111-117, 2005

31 ACGIH, "2012 TLVs and BEIs: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists"