인도 종교의 이단(異端)과 외도(外道) 논쟁에 대한 고찰 = A Study on the Controversies of nastika and titthiya in Indian Religions

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study, focusing on the interrelationship between social change and religious debate, attempts to explain the controversies of nastika (heterodoxy) of Vedic religion and of titthiya (non-Buddhist) of Buddhism in one context. India experienced political, economic and social changes in the 6th century BCE. Religiously, the period is characterized by the confrontations between Brahmanism of the old Vedic tradition and the newly emerging thinkers of non-Vedic tradition. The latter rejected the Vedic sacrifice and was negative about the caste system. When their teachings were rapidly propagating in northern India, the debate of nastika was beginning with the lawmakers of Brahmanism, who felt they were threats and defined their teachings as nastika. Gotama Buddha, who was among the thinkers of non-Vedic tradition, penetrated into the core of the problems which Brahmanism and non-Vedic ideas had at the time. He confronted Brahmanism with the doctrine of ahimsa (non-killing) and anatta (non-self), criticized the thinkers who ignored the importance and causality of human behavior, and emphasized the religious ethics with the doctrine of the Eightfold Path. The controversies of nastika and titthiya in India, resultingly, were an opportunity to recognize the importance of religious ethics. Ethical issue, since then, have been presented as a main criterion for astika (orthodoxy) and nastika disputes in Indian religious history.

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