Supply chain dynamics are driven by complex interactions among multiple players with asymmetric roles, each pursuing their own self-interest. In this thesis, we study the dynamics among a supplier, reseller(s), and customers, with a primary focus on t...
Supply chain dynamics are driven by complex interactions among multiple players with asymmetric roles, each pursuing their own self-interest. In this thesis, we study the dynamics among a supplier, reseller(s), and customers, with a primary focus on the former two. Players’ positions within the supply chain are often asymmetric in terms of their roles as suppliers and resellers, bargaining power, and proximity to customers. Given these asymmetries, players engage in strategic competition through pricing or supply allocation. Consequently, each player’s decision-making requires strategic consideration of the other players. In this regard, this thesis investigates three different but connected problems in two-echelon supply chain management.
In Chapter 2, we study a manufacturer encroachment problem in the retail market incorporating customers’ preferences for direct or retail channels. We derive the Nash equilibrium under wholesale price bargaining and identify a condition under which both players prefer a dual-channel system. Contrary to the existing literature, we find that wholesale price reduction and higher retailer profit do not hold when the manufacturer has full bargaining power. Furthermore, we demonstrate a counter-intuitive result that the manufacturer does not necessarily benefit from increased customer loyalty and bargaining power. Finally, we derive the efficient bargaining power that maximizes the total supply chain profit and propose a revenue and cost sharing contract that achieves this profit.
In Chapter 3, we study a transshipment problem between a manufacturer’s direct channel and a traditional retail channel under inventory competition. We derive optimal transshipment and wholesale prices that coordinate the supply chain using the Generalized Nash Bargaining Solution. Contrary to the existing literature, our findings highlight that supply chain coordination is not always achievable due to inventory competition between channels. Furthermore, we demonstrate that while joint negotiation on transshipment and wholesale prices does not guarantee coordination, it provides greater flexibility in achieving it.
In Chapter 4, we study an overbooking problem to effectively utilize the limited capacity of an aircraft, in the context of the air cargo industry. We investigate optimal booking levels for a carrier and capacity reservations for forwarders. We mainly focus on the one carrier and two forwarders scenario, where the carrier prioritizes a specific forwarder over the other. Compared to the one-forwarder scenario, the carrier has greater flexibility in managing its capacity in the two-forwarder scenario. Through numerical experiments, we show that the carrier does not necessarily benefit from larger or more stable demand from forwarders.