This study comprehensively examines Buddhist sculpture and sculptors during the Japanese colonial period(1910-1945), analyzing the development patterns and art historical significance of Buddhist sculpture formed at the intersection of tradition and m...
This study comprehensively examines Buddhist sculpture and sculptors during the Japanese colonial period(1910-1945), analyzing the development patterns and art historical significance of Buddhist sculpture formed at the intersection of tradition and modernity. The research aims to newly illuminate the unique position of this transitional period in Korean Buddhist art history.
The Japanese colonial period marked a historical watershed in Korean Buddhism. The lifting of the ban on monks entering the capital(1895) and implementation of the Temple Ordinance(1911) brought institutional reorganization to the Buddhist community. The introduction of Western art education systems, the spread of exhibition culture, and the systematic influx of Japanese Buddhist art created fundamental changes in Buddhist sculpture production. This period witnessed the dual challenge of maintaining traditional practices while experimenting with modern artistic languages, resulting in new forms distinct from late Joseon stylistic traditions.
The study employed comprehensive methodologies including analysis of votive inscriptions, sculptors' work journals—particularly Kwon Jeong-du's diary published here for the first time—temple property registers, and oral histories from sculptors' descendants. This multifaceted approach enabled both microscopic tracking of individual artists' creative processes and macroscopic understanding of institutional contexts.
Research findings reveal that the explosive growth of propagation halls following the end of anti-Buddhist policies dramatically increased demand for Buddhist statues while promoting their miniaturization to suit new ritual spaces. The rapid development of transportation networks expanded sculptors' activity spheres nationally, facilitating stylistic exchange across regions. The transition from traditional patronage systems to commercial transactions accelerated the commodification of Buddhist sculpture, establishing foundations for modern art markets.
The Buddhist sculpture world reorganized around two primary axes: traditional succession and modern experimentation. Traditional lineages differentiated by materials—wood/clay practitioners and Gyeongju zeolite (bulseok, a type of zeolitic tuff) specialists—each developed independent transmission systems. Notable figures include Bo-eung Munseong (1867-1954), who expanded from Buddhist painting into sculpture; Geum Yong-ilseop(1900-1975), who adapted traditional techniques to contemporary demands; Seokseong Hwagyeong(fl. 1930-1959), who established a distinctive style combining regional characteristics with personal creativity; and Wanho Nakhyeon(1869-1933), whose stone carving methods were transmitted through disciples Seokha Sichan(1893-1958) and Kwon Jeong-du(1913-1969). Modern pioneers like Kim Bok-jin(1901-1940) and Lee Seong-hwa(1911-?) explored new possibilities through Western art education and exhibition systems, maintaining religious functions while experimenting with modern artistic concepts.
New trends emerged in both artistic production and professional practice. Experimental works departed from strict iconographic norms, mixing deity characteristics or creating entirely new forms. The introduction of materials like concrete and plaster, exemplified by Kim Bok-jin's Concrete Maitreya Buddha, demonstrated expanding conceptual boundaries. Professional changes included the shift from individual craftsmen to collaborative systems between sculptors and stonemasons, and the emergence of artist signatures reflecting modern artistic identity.
This research fills a critical gap in Korean Buddhist art historiography by systematically examining the previously under-researched colonial period, restoring continuity between late Joseon and contemporary eras. By analyzing sociocultural contexts and changes in production systems beyond individual artists and works, the study presents new methodological approaches for understanding this period as one of dynamic diversification where traditional succession and modern experimentation productively coexisted.