Formation of government contracts

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Chapter 1 Basic Principles of Federal Procurement = 1
• Ⅰ. Transactions and Agencies = 2
• A. Transactions = 2
• 1. Procurement(Acquisition) = 3
• a. Personal Property(Supplies) = 5
• b. Construction = 5
• c. Services = 6
• (1) Transportation and Travel Services = 7
• (2) Public Utility Services = 8
• (3) Advisory and Assistance Services = 9
• (4) Concession Contracts = 10
• d. Research and Development = 12
• e. Rental of Real Property = 13
• 2. Other Contractual Arrangements = 14
• a. Purchase of Real Property = 14
• b. Sale of Property = 14
• c. Grants and Cooperative Agreements = 15
• d. Other Transactions = 19
• e. Cooperative Research and Development Agreements = 20
• f. Employment Contracts = 21
• B. Agencies Covered by Procurement Statutes = 25
• 1. Statutes Governing Procurement = 25
• a. Armed Services Procurement Act = 29
• b. Federal Property and Administrative Services Act = 29
• (1) Executive Agency = 30
• (2) 40 U.S.C. §474 Exemptions = 32
• (3) Any Other Law = 32
• c. Revised Statutes 3709 and 3710 = 33
• d. Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act = 33
• 2. Federal Acquisition Regulation System = 34
• Ⅱ. Contracting Powers = 35
• A. Congressional Delegation of Power = 36
• 1. Need for Congressional Appropriaton = 40
• 2. Budget and Appropriations Process = 42
• a. Budgetary Phase = 43
• b. Authorization of Appropriations = 43
• c. Appropriations Statutes = 44
• 3. Appropriations Law As It Affects the Contracting Process = 47
• a. Scope of Appropriations = 47
• b. Purpose of Appropriations = 48
• c. Obligation of Appropriations = 51
• (1) Time for Obligation = 52
• (2) Bona Fide Needs Rule = 52
• (3) Contract Modifications = 54
• (4) Contingent or Indefinite Liabilities = 56
• B. Control and Oversight of Procurement = 59
• 1. Executive Branch = 59
• a. Regulations = 59
• b. Inspectors General = 63
• 2. Legislative Branch = 66
• a. Congressional Oversight = 66
• b. Comptroller General = 68
• C. Contracts Varying from Statutory or Regulatory Requirements = 71
• 1. Deviations and Waivers = 71
• a. Deviations from Regulations = 71
• b. Waiver of Statutory Requirements = 73
• 2. Unauthorized Variations = 74
• a. Contract Avoidance = 74
• b. Inclusion or Exclusion of Clause = 77
• 3. Contractor Benefit = 79
• Ⅲ. Authority of Government Personnel = 80
• A. Actual Authority Required = 81
• B. Delegation of Authority = 83
• 1. Designated Contracting Officers = 85
• a. Internal Limitations on Authority = 87
• b. Functional Contracting Officers = 88
• c. Specific Designation by Contract = 88
• d. Dollar Limitations on Authority = 89
• 2. Authorized Representatives = 89
• a. Formally Designated Representatives = 90
• b. Other Representatives = 93
• C. Dealing with Personnel Lacking Full Contractual Authority = 95
• 1. Implied Authority = 95
• 2. Ratification = 98
• a. Authority to Ratify = 98
• b. Authority to Perform or Authorize Acts Being Ratified = 101
• c. Knowledge of Unauthorized Acts = 102
• d. Adoption of Unauthorized Acts = 104
• e. Ratification and Quantum Meruit = 105
• 3. Knowledge Imputed to Authorized Personnel = 106
• a. Technical Representatives = 108
• b. Inspectors = 110
• c. Administrative and Clerical Personnel = 110
• d. Auditors = 111
• Ⅳ. Government Bound By Authorized Agents = 111
• A. Finality = 112
• 1. Sources of Finality = 112
• 2. Authority Required = 114
• 3. Government Bound by Prejudicial Decisions = 115
• B. Equitable Estoppel = 117
• 1. Government Not Estopped by Unauthorized Actions = 119
• 2. Sovereign Capacity Exception = 121
• 3. Reliance = 122
• 4. Injury = 123
• 5. Waiver = 124
• 6. Estoppel Improperly Used = 126
• Ⅴ. Suits Against Government Employees = 127
• Ⅵ. Authority of Contractor Personnel = 131
• A. Delegation = 131
• b. Apparent Authority = 131
• C. Ratification and Estoppel = 133
• Ⅶ. Standards of Conduct = 134
• A. Sanctions = 134
• 1. Forfeiture and Cancellation = 134
• 2. Debarment = 136
• 3. Suspension or Dismissal of Government Employees = 137
• B. Improper Influence of Government Decisions = 138
• 1. Bribery = 138
• a. Anything of Value = 139
• b. Corrupt Intent = 140
• c. Public Official = 141
• 2. Gratuities = 142
• a. General Restrictions = 142
• (1) Anything of Value = 143
• (2) Purpose of Gratuity = 146
• b. Department of Defense Statute = 147
• 3. Conduct of Former Employees = 148
• a. General Restrictions = 148
• (1) Particular Matter = 150
• (2) Personal and Substantial Participation = 150
• (3) Representation = 151
• (4) Types of Employment or Contracting Permitted = 152
• b. Additional Statutory Restrictions = 153
• 4. Conduct of Current Employees = 156
• a. General Restrictions = 156
• b. Procurement Integrity Restrictions = 160
• 5. Anti-Kickback Act = 162
• 6. Covenant against Contingent Fees = 163
• C. Honesty and Disclosure Facts = 166
• 1. Statutory Requirements = 166
• a. False Claims = 166
• (1) Civil Fraud = 166
• (A) Intent = 168
• (B) Definition of Claim = 169
• (C) Quitam = 170
• (2) Criminal Fraud = 173
• (A) Specific Intent = 174
• (B) Definition of Claim = 174
• b. False Statements = 175
• (1) Definition of Statement = 175
• (2) Knowingly and Willfully = 176
• (3) Materiality = 177
• c. Truth in Negotiations = 178
• (1) When the Government Is Entitled to a Reduction = 180
• (2) Government Reliance on Defective Data = 180
• (3) Computing the Price Reduction = 182
• (4) Offset = 184
• (5) Defective Subcontractor Data = 185
• (6) Interest and Penalties = 186
• d. Contract Disputes Act of 1978 = 187
• e. Certification under 10 U.S.C. §2410 = 189
• 2. Types of Illegal Conduct = 190
• a. Product Substitution = 190
• b. Mischarging ／ Accounting Fraud = 192
• c. Fraudulent Pricing = 193
• (1) Fraudulent Data = 194
• (2) False Estimate = 195
• D. Obtaining Information Improperly = 196
• 1. Disclosure of Confidential Information = 196
• 2. Disclosure of Bid or Proposal Information or Source Selection Information = 197
• 3. Information about Competitors = 201
• E. Conspiracy = 202
• Chapter 2 Contract Formation Principles = 203
• Ⅰ. Manifestation of Mutual Assent = 203
• A. Basic Requirements = 204
• 1. Capacity to Contract = 204
• a. Nature of Capacity to Contract = 205
• b. Time for Determining Capacity to Contract = 207
• 2. Contractual Intent and Definiteness = 209
• a. Contractual Intent = 209
• (1) Preliminary Negotiations = 209
• (2) Non-Contractual Agreements = 211
• b. Definiteness = 213
• (1) Agreements to Agree = 213
• (2) Letter Contracts = 215
• B. Offer and Acceptance = 215
• 1. Solicitation and Submission of Offers or Quotations = 216
• a. Sealed Bid Procurement = 216
• b. Negotiated Procurement = 216
• (1) Request for Proposals or Offers = 217
• (2) Request for Quotations = 217
• 2. Requests for Information = 219
• a. Simplified Acquisition = 219
• b. Obligation to Consider Responses = 219
• 3. Withdrawal or Modification of Offers = 221
• 4. Acceptance of Bids, Proposals, and Purchase Orders = 224
• a. Time for Acceptance = 226
• b. Time When Acceptance Occurs = 228
• c. Conditional Acceptance = 231
• d. Nonacceptance Responses to Offers = 234
• C. Implied-in-Fact Contracts = 237
• 1. Course of Conduct = 237
• 2. Acceptance of Benefits = 238
• 3. Incomplete Contract Formation = 240
• Ⅱ. Binding the Parties = 241
• A. Requirement for Signed Document = 241
• 1. Writing = 241
• 2. Signature = 244
• 3. Standard Form 30 = 246
• B. Consideration = 247
• 1. Form of Consideration = 248
• a. Promises to Perform Duties = 249
• b. Forbearance = 250
• 2. Adequacy of Consideration = 252
• 3. Severability of Consideration = 253
• 4. Consideration in Variable Quantity Contracts = 255
• 5. Consideration to Contractor = 257
• C. Promissory Estoppel = 258
• Chapter 3 Acquisition Planning = 261
• Ⅰ. Planning Process = 261
• A. Requirement for Planning = 262
• B. Statement of Need = 264
• C. Contents of Plan = 265
• 1. Acquisition Milestones = 267
• 2. Applicable Conditions = 267
• 3. Justifications and Approvals = 268
• D. Preparation of Plan = 270
• 1. Time of Preparation = 270
• 2. Form of Plan = 271
• 3. Responsibility for Preparing Plan = 274
• 4. Extent of Plan = 276
• Ⅱ. Competition Requirement = 276
• A. Full and Open Competition = 277
• B. Other Than Full and Open Competition = 280
• 1. Only One Source Available = 282
• a. Agency Discretion = 283
• b. Privately Developed Items = 285
• (1) Patented Items = 285
• (2) Copyrighted Items = 286
• (3) Items Described by Proprietary Data = 286
• c. Unsolicited Proposals = 290
• d. Follow-On Contracts = 292
• 2. Unusual and Compelling Urgency = 295
• 3. Industrial Mobilization and Maintaining Critical Capability = 298
• 4. Terms of International Agreement or Treaty = 299
• 5. Authorized by Another Statute = 299
• 6. National Security = 300
• 7. Public Interest = 300
• 8. Competition Excluding Particular Sources = 300
• 9. Reprocurement after Default Termination = 301
• C. Ordering Work under Existing Contracts = 302
• 1. Change Orders = 302
• 2. Extensions and Options = 305
• 3. Task and Delivery Orders = 308
• Ⅲ. Selection of Contracting Technique = 311
• A. Sealed Bidding = 312
• B. Competitive Negotiation = 314
• 1. No Time nor Expectation of Receiving More Than One Bid = 315
• 2. Non-Price-Related Factors = 315
• 3. Need to Conduct Discussions = 316
• 4. Fixed-Price Contract Not Appropriate = 317
• C. Other Competitive Procedures = 317
• D. Commercial Supplies and Services = 318
• E. Simplified Acquisition = 319
• Ⅳ. Identifying Sources = 320
• A. Market Research = 321
• 1. Inadequate Market Research = 323
• 2. Solicitations for Planning Purposes = 324
• 3. Sources-Sought Synopsis = 325
• B. Contractor versus Government Performance = 327
• 1. Reliance on Private Sources = 327
• 2. Exceptions = 331
• a. Statutory Limitations on Contracting Out = 332
• (1) DOD Authorization Acts = 332
• (2) National Park Service = 333
• (3) Veterans' Hospitals = 333
• (4) Edgar Amendment = 334
• b. Inherently Governmental Functions Excepted = 334
• c. Circular Exceptions = 336
• (1) No Satisfactory Commercial Source Available = 336
• (2) National Defense = 337
• (3) Patient Care = 337
• (4) Lower Cost = 337
• 3. Mandatory Sources = 338
• a. Excess Personal Property = 339
• b. Government Printing Office = 339
• c. General Services Administration Stores Stock = 340
• d. General Services Administration Motorpools = 340
• e. Federal Prison Industries = 340
• f. Surplus Strategic and Critical Materials = 341
• g. The Committee for Purchase from People Who Are Blind or Severely Disabled = 341
• h. Jewel Bearings and Related Items = 342
• 4. Procurement through Another Government Agency = 342
• a. Economy Act = 342
• b. Federal Supply Schedules = 347
• Ⅴ. Describing the Work = 347
• A. Specifications = 348
• 1. Generic Nature of Specifications = 348
• a. Design Specifications = 350
• b. Performance Specifications = 350
• c. Functional Specifications = 351
• 2. Sources of Specifications = 353
• a. Government Specifications = 354
• (1) Military Specifications = 354
• (A) Performance Specifications = 355
• (B) Waivers = 356
• (2) Federal Specifications = 357
• b. Non-Government Standards = 357
• 3. Improper Specifications = 357
• a. Unduly Restrictive Specifications = 358
• b. Unclear or Ambiguous Specifications = 361
• (1) Requirement for Clarity = 362
• (2) Errors or Omissions in Specifications = 365
• (3) Open or Indefinite Specifications = 366
• B. Bundling = 366
• C. Draft Solicitations and Specifications = 371
• Ⅵ. Overall Cost to the Government = 372
• A. Acquisition Cost = 373
• B. Life-Cycle Cost = 374
• C. Design-to-Cost = 376
• D. Cost As an Independent Variable = 377
• Ⅶ. Procurement Notices = 377
• A. Presolicitation Notices and Conferences = 378
• 1. CBD Notice Requirements = 378
• 2. Presolicitation Exchanges with Industry = 386
• B. Traditional Solicitation Techniques = 388
• 1. Mailing Solicitations = 388
• a. Mailing Lists = 388
• b. Omission of Firms = 391
• (1) Inadvertent Omission = 391
• (2) Incumbent Contractors = 392
• 2. Posting Notices of Solicitations = 394
• 3. Central Contractor Registration = 395
• C. Electronic Solicitations = 395
• 1. Federal Acquisition Computer Network = 397
• 2. Internet = 398
• 3. Electronic Mail = 399
• 4. Bulletin Boards = 399
• 5. Facsimile = 400
• D. Oral Solicitations = 400
• Chapter 4 Contractor Qualification = 403
• Ⅰ. Responsibility = 404
• A. Standards of Responsibility = 406
• 1. Performance-Related Standards of Responsibility = 406
• a. General Standards = 407
• (1) Ability to Perform = 407
• (A) Financial Resources = 407
• (B) Ability to Comply With Delivery Schedule = 409
• (C) Facilities and Equipment = 410
• (D) Management and Technical Capability = 411
• (E) Licenses and Permits = 414
• (2) Will to Perform = 416
• (A) Tenacity and Perseverance = 416
• (B) Integrity = 420
• b. Special Standards = 422
• 2. Collateral Requirements = 428
• a. Equal Employment Opportunity = 428
• b. Small Business Subcontracting = 429
• c. Government Employees = 429
• d. Guard and Security Service = 432
• e. Organizational Conflicts of Interest = 432
• B. Subcontractor Responsibility = 437
• C. Responsibility Determination Procedure = 439
• 1. Obtaining Information = 439
• 2. Exercise of Discretion = 442
• a. Adequacy and Timeliness of Information = 444
• b. Recommendations to the Contracting Officer = 446
• 3. Contesting Nonresponsibility Determinations = 447
• 4. Prequalification = 450
• Ⅱ. Debarment and Suspension = 454
• A. Exercise of Discretion = 456
• 1. Procurement Debarments or Suspensions = 456
• 2. Inducement Debarments = 458
• B. Causes for Debarment = 460
• 1. Procurement Debarments = 461
• a. Lack of Business Integrity = 461
• b. Serious Violation of Contract Terms = 463
• c. Other Causes Showing Lack of Present Responsibility = 464
• 2. Inducement Debarments = 464
• a. Equal Employment Opportunity = 464
• b. Labor Statutes = 465
• c. Buy American = 466
• d. Environmental Statutes = 466
• C. Causes for Suspension = 467
• D. Scope and Duration = 469
• 1. Agencies Affected = 470
• 2. Entities Covered = 471
• a. Business Entities = 472
• b. Individuals = 475
• 3. Duration of Orders = 477
• a. Debarment Orders = 477
• b. Suspension Orders = 482
• 4. Effect of Listing = 483
• 5. Permissible Activities = 484
• a. Limited Debarments = 484
• b. Existing Contracts = 485
• c. Subcontracts = 486
• E. Debarment and Suspension Procedures = 487
• 1. Notice = 487
• a. Referral and Investigation = 487
• b. No Presuspension Notice = 488
• c. Notice of Suspension or Notice of Proposed Debarment = 490
• d. Designation of Lead Agency = 491
• 2. Presentation of Matters in Opposition = 491
• a. Opportunity to Be Heard in Opposition = 492
• b. Right of Confrontation = 493
• 3. Timing Requirements = 494
• 4. Procedures of Particular Agencies = 494
• a. Department of Defense = 494
• b. Environmental Protection Agency = 496
• c. Department of Housing and Urban Development = 497
• d. Department of Agriculture = 497
• e. General Services Administration = 498
• F. De Facto Debarment and Suspension = 500
• 1. Multiple Nonresponsibility Determinatons = 500
• 2. Blacklists, Holdups, and Passovers = 501
• Chapter 5 Sealed Bidding = 505
• Ⅰ. Bidding and Opening Procedure = 506
• A. Solicitation of Bids = 507
• 1. Invitation for Bids = 507
• 2. Amendment of IFBs = 511
• 3. Time for Submission of Bids = 513
• B. Submission of Bids = 514
• 1. Method of Submission = 514
• a. Bids Sent by Other Than U.S. Mail = 516
• b. Notice of Nonsubmission of Bid = 518
• 2. Firm Bid Rule = 518
• 3. Modification or Withdrawal of Bids Prior to Bid Opening = 520
• C. Public Opening = 522
• D. Bid Opening Time = 525
• E. Late Bids = 529
• 1. Government Mishandling = 531
• 2. Hand-Carried Bids = 534
• Ⅱ. Responsiveness = 537
• A. Criteria for Determining Responsiveness = 538
• 1. Materiality of Nonconformity = 538
• 2. Prejudice to Other Bidders = 544
• 3. Responsiveness versus Responsibility = 545
• a. Quantity in Use Provisions = 546
• b. Bid Guarantees = 547
• c. Ability to Perform = 549
• d. Certification Requirements = 550
• 4. Information or Data to Be Submitted = 553
• B. Consequences of Nonconforming Bids = 555
• 1. Minor Informalities = 555
• 2. Material Nonconformities = 556
• a. Rejection Required = 556
• b. Validity of Award = 557
• c. Award = 558
• C. Types of Nonconforming Bids = 561
• 1. Differing Products or Services = 561
• 2. Failure to Agree to IFB Delivery Schedule = 563
• 3. Conditions Altering the Invitation = 565
• a. Modifying Material Requirements of the IFB = 566
• b. Limiting Rights of the Government = 567
• c. Limiting Liability to the Government = 568
• d. Barring Public Disclosure = 569
• 4. Indefinite, Uncertain, or Ambiguous Bids = 569
• a. Conditioning the Offer = 570
• b. Requests That Vary from the IFB = 572
• C. Uncertainties As to Price = 574
• d. Offers to Comply = 575
• 5. Failure to Furnish Required Items or Information = 576
• a. Descriptive Literature and Bid Samples = 577
• b. Bid Guarantees = 579
• c. List of Subcontractors = 582
• 6. Accurate Completion of Bids and Documents = 583
• 7. Accompanying Letter, Literature, and Other Material = 587
• 8. Failure to Acknowledge Amendments = 589
• Ⅲ. Evaluation and Award = 593
• A. Evaluation Process = 594
• 1. Evaluation of Bid Prices = 594
• a. Accurate Reflection of Lowest Cost = 595
• b. Unbalanced Bids = 598
• (1) Front-Loaded Construction Contracts = 601
• (2) Quantity Estimates = 603
• (3) Option Contracts = 604
• (4) First Article Contracts = 608
• (5) Alternative to Cancellation = 608
• c. Time Value of Money = 609
• d. Bids Including Price Adjustments = 611
• 2. Evaluation of "Other Price-Related Factors" = 613
• a. Transportation = 616
• b. Life-Cycle Costs = 619
• c. Miscellaneous = 620
• 3. Evaluation of Equal Low Bids = 621
• B. Award = 622
• 1. Procedures = 622
• a. Notice of Award = 623
• b. Determining the Acceptance Period = 624
• c. Extensions from Bidders = 625
• 2. Multiple versus Aggregate Awards = 628
• 3. Award to Below-Cost Bidders = 634
• C. Cancellation after Bid Opening = 636
• 1. Compelling Reasons for Cancellation = 638
• a. Solicitation Defects = 638
• b. Specification Defects = 640
• c. Alternate Performance by Government = 641
• d. Lack of Fair Competition = 642
• e. Insufficient Funds = 642
• f. Inaccurate Statement of Government Needs = 643
• g. Unreasonable Prices = 644
• h. Miscellaneous = 646
• 2. Reasons for Cancellation - Not Compelling = 647
• a. No Prejudice and Low Bidder Meets Agency's Needs = 648
• b. Potential Competitor Not Solicited = 649
• c. Increases in Quantity Only = 650
• 3. Partial Cancellation = 650
• 4. Reinstatement of the Solicitation = 651
• Ⅳ. Mistakes = 653
• A. Defining Mistake = 654
• 1. Business Judgment = 654
• 2. Clerical or Arithmetical Errors = 655
• 3. Misreading Specifications = 656
• B. Knowledge of Error and Verification = 658
• 1. Knowledge or Reason to Know = 659
• 2. Adequacy of Verification Request = 663
• C. Action after Mistake Identification = 664
• 1. Withdrawal of Bid = 665
• 2. Rejection of Bid = 666
• 3. Correction of Mistake = 668
• a. Correction of Low Bid Upward = 668
• (1) Types of Evidence = 669
• (2) When Corrected Bid Comes Very Close to Next Bid = 675
• b. Displacement of Otherwise Low Bid = 677
• c. Correction of Nonresponsive Bids = 680
• d. Clerical Errors = 682
• 4. Award after Unsuccessful Request for Correction = 685
• a. Award Required = 685
• b. Award Permitted = 686
• (1) Waiver = 686
• (2) Accepting Award with a Reservation of Right = 688
• Ⅴ. Two-Step Sealed Bidding = 688
• A. Decision to Use Two-Step Sealed Bidding = 690
• 1. Sufficient Technical Data and Appropriate Specifications = 691
• 2. Availability of Competition = 692
• 3. Agency Discretion = 692
• B. Step One = 693
• 1. Request for Technical Proposals = 693
• 2. Evaluation of First-Step Proposals = 697
• a. Acceptable Proposals = 698
• b. Proposals That Are Reasonably Susceptible to Being Made Acceptable = 698
• c. Unacceptable Proposals = 701
• d. Erroneous Evaluations = 701
• C. Step Two = 703
• 1. Responsiveness = 704
• a. Nonconforming Bids = 704
• b. Presumption of Responsiveness = 705
• 2. Data Protection = 706
• 3. Discontinuing Step Two = 707
• Chapter 6 Basic Negotiation Procedures = 709
• Ⅰ. Procurement Stategies = 712
• A. Tradeoff Process = 714
• B. Lowest Price Technically Acceptable Source Selection Process = 715
• C. Combination of Tradeoff and Low Price Acceptable Processes = 718
• Ⅱ. Evaluation Factors and Subfactors = 719
• A. Categories of Evalyation Factors = 720
• 1. Offer Factors = 721
• a. Cost to the Government = 721
• (1) Amount to Be Paid to the Contractor = 721
• (2) Other Costs to the Government = 723
• b. Non-Cost Factors = 726
• (1) Enhancements = 726
• (2) Specific Products or Services = 727
• (3) Process or Techniques to be Used = 728
• (4) Terms and Conditions = 728
• (5) Delivery of Completion Schedule = 731
• 2. Capability = 731
• a. Responsibility Determinations Distinguished = 731
• b. Past Performance = 733
• c. Experience = 736
• d. Key Personnel = 739
• e. Facility = 741
• f. Technical and Management Plans = 741
• g. Financial Capability = 742
• B. Unlisted Factors or Subfactors = 743
• C. Relative Importance = 746
• 1. Relationship of Cost／Price to Other Factors = 747
• 2. Relative Importance of Other Factors = 751
• a. Listing Criteria = 751
• b. Descending Order of Importance = 751
• c. Adjectival Descriptions of Importance = 752
• d. Numerical Systems = 753
• e. Subcriteria = 753
• 3. Minimum Requirements = 754
• Ⅲ. Request for Proposals = 755
• A. Organization of the RFP = 756
• B. Contract Provisions = 757
• C. Solicitation Provisions = 761
• 1. Standard Provisions = 761
• 2. Specific Instructions - Section L = 762
• a. Procurement Strategy = 763
• b. Required Submissions = 764
• c. Oral Presentations = 764
• 3. Evaluation Factors and Subfactors - Section M = 766
• D. Amendment and Cancellation of the RFP = 767
• 1. Cancellation and Resolicitation = 767
• a. Required Cancellation = 768
• b. Discretionary Cancellation and Resolicitation = 769
• 2. Amendment Without Cancellation = 770
• a. Issuance of Amendments = 771
• b. Actual Notice or No Prejudice = 772
• c. Firms to Be Notified = 773
• Ⅳ. Preparation and Submission of Proposals = 775
• A. The Offer = 776
• 1. Intention to Be Bound = 776
• a. Signature = 776
• b. Acknowledge Receipt of Amendments = 778
• 2. Offer Strategy = 779
• a. Best Terms = 779
• b. Items Offered = 779
• c. Alternate or Multiple Offers = 780
• (1) Nonconforming Offers = 781
• (2) Multiple Conforming Offers = 782
• d. Unbalanced Offers = 783
• 3. Modification, Revision and Withdrawl = 784
• a. Modification = 784
• b. Revision = 785
• c. Withdrawl = 785
• 4. Timely Submission Required = 786
• 5. Circumstances Permitting Acceptance of Late Offers = 788
• a. Registered or Certified Mail(U.S. or Canadian Postal Service) = 789
• b. U.S. Postal Service Next Day Delivery = 789
• c. Government Mishandling of Offers Submitted By Other Means = 790
• B. Information = 793
• 1. Technical Information = 793
• 2. Management Information = 795
• 3. Capability Information = 795
• a. Experience and Past Performance = 795
• b. Key Personnel = 796
• C. Rules Governing Submission = 797
• 1. Method of Submission = 798
• a. Paper Media = 798
• b. Facsimile or Electronic Submission = 799
• c. Oral Presentations = 800
• 2. Format and Style = 802
• 3. Proprietary Data = 805
• Ⅴ. Communications to Facilitate Evaluation = 807
• A. Development of Statutory and Regulatory Language = 808
• B. Communications and Award Without Discussions = 810
• 1. Communications Concerning Offer Revisions = 811
• 2. Communications Concerning Information = 812
• a. Capability Information = 812
• b. Offer Information = 813
• C. Comminications Prior to Establishing the Competitive Range = 815
• D. Oral Presentations = 816
• E. Mistakes = 818
• Ⅵ. Evaluation of Proposals = 819
• A. The Evaluation Process = 820
• B. Agency Discretion = 823
• 1. Irrational Evaluations = 824
• 2. Evaluations Not in Compliance with the RFP = 825
• 3. Arbitrary Evaluations = 827
• 4. Evaluation Not Based on Evidence = 828
• C. Using Factors Contained in the RFP = 829
• 1. Scope of Evaluation = 830
• 2. Avoidance of Factor = 832
• 3. Subfactors = 833
• 4. Changing Factors or Subfactors = 834
• D. Disqualification of an Offeror = 835
• E. Assessment of Strengths, Weaknesses and Risks = 839
• 1. Documenting the Assessment = 840
• 2. Comparison of Proposals = 842
• F. Scoring = 843
• 1. Adjectival Ratings = 844
• 2. Color Coding = 845
• 3. Numerical Systems = 846
• a. Partial Systems = 847
• b. Totally Numerical Systems = 847
• (1) Total Point Scoring = 847
• (2) Conversion to Dollar Values = 850
• (3) Dollars Per Point = 851
• 4. Ranking = 852
• G. Evaluation of Specific Factors = 853
• 1. Price or Cost to the Government = 853
• 2. Evaluation of Past Performance = 853
• a. Reliability of Past Performance Information = 855
• b. Relevance of the Data = 857
• c. Offerors With No Past Performance = 859
• Ⅶ. Decision to Award = 861
• A. Background = 862
• B. Solicitaion Provisions = 862
• 1. Award Without Negotiations Intended = 863
• 2. Negotiations Intended = 864
• C. Deciding Whether or Not to Negotiate = 864
• 1. Award Without Negotiations = 865
• 2. Decision to Negotiate = 867
• D. Determining the Competitive Range = 869
• 1. Standards for Inclusion = 870
• a. Statutory Changes = 870
• b. FAR Part 15 Rewrite = 871
• c. Most Highly Rated Offers and Efficient Competition = 871
• 2. Discretion to Include or Exclude = 873
• a. Factors to be Considered = 873
• b. Inclusion of Defective or Unacceptable Offers = 875
• c. Exclusion for Offer Deficiencies = 876
• d. Informatonal Deficiencies = 877
• e. Only One Offeror = 879
• 3. Changes in the Competitive Range = 881
• a. Removal from the Competitive Range = 881
• b. Addition or Reinstatement to the Competitive Range = 883
• Ⅷ. Negotiations = 883
• A. Purpose of Negotiations = 884
• B. Matters for Negotiation = 885
• 1. Deficiencies and Weaknesses = 886
• 2. Information = 889
• 3. Failure to Comply With Requirements = 890
• 4. Cost and Price Negotiations = 891
• C. Conduct of Negotiations = 894
• 1. Meaningful Negotiations = 895
• a. Specific Identification = 896
• b. Lack of Identification Excused = 897
• 2. Fairness = 899
• a. Equal Treatment = 899
• b. Prohibited Conduct = 902
• c. Procedure Following Improper Disclosure = 904
• 3. Form of Nagotiations = 907
• D. Offer Revisions = 908
• 1. Requesting Revisions = 909
• a. Reasonable time = 910
• b. Common Cut-off Date = 910
• c. Late Final Revisions = 912
• 2. Procedure Following Receipt of Final Revision = 913
• a. Reevaluation = 914
• b. Reopening Negotiations = 915
• Ⅸ. Sole Source Procurements = 918
• Ⅹ. Selection, Award, Notices and Debriefings = 919
• A. Source Selection Authority = 920
• 1. Responsibilities = 920
• 2. Independent Judgment = 921
• a. Evaluations or Recommendations = 922
• b. Reliance Not Justified = 922
• c. Ordering Reevaluation = 923
• d. Rescore or Conduct Own Evaluation = 924
• 3. Allegations of Bids = 927
• B. Selection Decision = 928
• 1. Broad Discretion in Tradeoff Decision = 928
• 2. Consistency With the Solicitaton = 929
• a. Factors Used = 930
• b. Relative Importance = 931
• (1) Specific Statement of Relative Importance = 931
• (2) General Statement of Relative Importance = 932
• (A) Technical／Management More Important Than Price = 932
• (B) Price More Important Than Technical／Management = 937
• (C) Price and Technical／Management Equal = 937
• 3. Determinations of Relative Technical Merit = 938
• 4. Quantification of Technical Ratings = 941
• 5. Documentation = 941
• C. Post Selection Communication = 946
• 1. Negotiations Not Permitted = 947
• 2. Communications and Nonmaterial Changes = 948
• 3. Negotiations Permitted = 948
• a. Alternate Source Selection Procedures = 948
• b. Competitive Range of One = 951
• D. Award = 952
• 1. Time of Award = 954
• 2. Delay of Award By Protest = 956
• 3. Date of Award = 957
• E. Notices and Debriefings = 958
• 1. Preaward Notices and Debriefings = 959
• a. Preaward Notices = 959
• b. Preaward Debriefings = 960
• 2. Postaward Notices and Debriefings = 963
• a. Postaward Notices = 964
• b. Postaward Debriefings = 965
• Chapter 7 Special Negotiation Procedures = 969
• Ⅰ. Commercial Items = 969
• A. Definitions = 971
• 1. Supplies = 971
• a. General Definition = 971
• b. Nondevelopmental Items = 972
• c. Commercially Available Off-the-Shelf Items = 973
• 2. Services = 974
• a. Services in Support of Commercial Supplies = 974
• b. stand-alone Services = 974
• 3. Combinations = 975
• 4. Transfers Between Organizations = 975
• 5. Key Terms = 976
• a. General Public = 976
• b. Substantial Quantities = 976
• c. Established Catalog Prices = 976
• d. Established Market Prices = 977
• B. Solicitation, Evaluation, and Award = 977
• 1. Specifications = 977
• 2. Solicitation = 978
• a. General Guidance = 978
• b. Streamlined Procedures = 980
• 3. Evaluation = 982
• 4. Award = 984
• C. Terms and Conditions = 984
• 1. Standard Commercial Items = 984
• 2. Commercial Off-the-Shelf Items = 985
• Ⅱ. Simplified Acquisition Procedures = 987
• A. Dollar Values = 987
• 1. Thresholds Applicable to Both Solicitation Estimates and Award Values = 988
• 2. Breaking Down Purchases to Fit Within Tresholds Prohibited = 988
• B. Micro-Purchases = 989
• 1. Sources = 990
• 2. Procedures = 990
• C. Commercial or Non-Commercial Over $2,500 but Not Over $100,000 = 991
• 1. Competition Requirements = 991
• a. Degree of Competition = 991
• b. Sole Source = 993
• 2. Solicitation and Procurement Notices = 994
• a. Quote or Offer = 994
• b. Method of Solicitation = 994
• c. Procurement Notices = 995
• d. Submission of Quotes or Offers = 995
• e. Standing Quotations = 996
• 3. Procedures = 996
• a. Evaluation Factors = 997
• b. Evaluation = 997
• c. Discussions and Consideration of Noncompliant Responses = 999
• d. Late Quotations = 1000
• e. Award = 1002
• f. Notice and Debriefing = 1002
• D. Commercial Over $100,000 but Not Over $5,000,000 = 1003
• E. Laws and Clauses Not Applicable = 1003
• F. Forms = 1007
• 1. Solicitation Forms = 1007
• 2. Award Forms = 1008
• Ⅲ. Architect-Engineer Contracts = 1009
• A. Definition of Architect-Engineer Services = 1010
• B. Announcement of Requirements = 1011
• C. Selection Criteria = 1012
• D. Source Selection Personnel = 1014
• E. Appraising Firm's Qualifications = 1014
• F. Selection and Ranking of Firms = 1015
• G. Negotiations = 1017
• Ⅳ. Two-Phase Design-Build Selection Procedures = 1018
• A. Authorization and Criteria for Use = 1020
• B. Procedures = 1021
• Ⅴ. Competitive Selection of Basic Research = 1024
• A. Nature of Work = 1024
• B. Announcements = 1025
• 1. Contracts or Other Instruments = 1026
• 2. Requirement for Competition = 1027
• 3. Content and Publication = 1028
• 4. Supplemental Information = 1028
• C. Discussions With Proposers = 1029
• D. Evaluation of Proposals = 1029
• 1. Evaluation Factors = 1030
• 2. Peer or Scientific Review = 1030
• E. Award = 1032
• Ⅵ. Small Business Innovative Research Program = 1033
• A. Description of SBIR Program = 1033
• B. SBIR Announcement = 1035
• C. Agency Evaluation and Proposal Selection = 1036
• Ⅶ. Information Technology = 1039
• A. Performance-Based and Results-Based Management = 1040
• B. Modular Contracting = 1041
• C. Acquisition Pilot Programs = 1042
• Ⅷ. GSA Award Schedules = 1043
• A. Solicitations and Offers = 1043
• B. Evaluation and Negotiation = 1044
• C. Award = 1046
• D. Ordering = 1047
• 1. Placing Orders = 1049
• 2. Blanket Purchase Agreements = 1051
• 3. Incidental Nonschedule Items = 1052
• E. Documentation = 1052
• Ⅸ. Other Agency Procedures = 1053
• A. NASA's MidRange Procurement Procedures = 1053
• B. FAA Procedures = 1055
• 1. Complex and Noncommercial Source Selection = 1056
• 2. Commercial and Simplified Purchase Method = 1058
• C. Postal Service = 1058
• Chapter 8 Types of Contracts = 1061
• Ⅰ. Basic Policies = 1062
• A. Discretion = 1063
• B. Cost-Plus-a-Percentage-of-Cost Contracts = 1065
• 1. Percentage Compensation = 1067
• 2. Uncertain Entitlement = 1069
• 3. Ceilings = 1070
• 4. Pricing after Incurrence of Costs = 1071
• 5. Quantum Meruit Compensation = 1072
• C. Undefinitized Contractual Actions = 1073
• 1. Restrictions on Use = 1073
• 2. Terms and Conditions = 1074
• a. Expenditure Limitations and Ceiling Prices = 1075
• b. Definitization Schedule = 1076
• c. Payment = 1078
• Ⅱ. Fixed-Price Contracts = 1079
• A. Firm-Fixed-Price Contracts = 1080
• B. Fixed-Price Contract with Economic Price Adjustment = 1081
• 1. Use of Economic Price Adjustment Clauses = 1082
• 2. Types of Economic Price Adjustment Provisions = 1084
• a. Adjustments Based on Established Prices = 1085
• b. Adjustment Based on Actual Costs = 1087
• c. Adjustments Based on Cost Indexes = 1091
• 3. Common Problems in Structuring Economic Price Adjustment Clauses = 1096
• a. Clarity in Contract Language = 1096
• b. Ceilings = 1098
• c. Pricing Elements Subject to Escalation = 1099
• d. Timing of Price Adjustments = 1099
• e. Effect of Changes = 1101
• f. Notice Requirements = 1101
• C. Fixed-Price Redeterminable = 1102
• 1. Prospective Price Redetermination = 1102
• 2. Retroactive Redetermination = 1103
• Ⅲ. Cost-Reimbursement Contracts = 1104
• A. Cost-Plus-Fixed-Fee Contracts = 1106
• B. Cost-Sharing Contracts = 1108
• 1. Research Contracts = 1110
• 2. Recoupment on Development Contracts = 1111
• 3. Support of Commercial Development = 1113
• Ⅳ. Incentive Contracts = 1114
• A. Cost-Plus-Incentive-Fee Contracts = 1115
• 1. Elements of the Contract Formula on Costs = 1116
• 2. Negotiating the Cost Incentive Formula = 1118
• a. Guidance on Cost Incentive Elements = 1119
• (1) Target Cost = 1119
• (2) Target Fee = 1121
• (3) Maximum Fee = 1121
• (4) Minimum Fee = 1122
• (5) Sharing Arrangement = 1123
• b. Use of Range of Incentive Effectiveness = 1125
• c. Costs Subject to Incentive Sharing = 1127
• B. Fixed-Price Incentive Contracts = 1128
• 1. Elements of the Formula = 1129
• 2. Negotiation and Analysis of Formulas = 1132
• 3. Successive Targets = 1134
• C. Performance and Delivery Incentives = 1135
• 1. Enforceability of Clauses = 1136
• 2. Structuring Practices = 1138
• 3. Relationship of Incentive to Other Provisions = 1144
• 4. Interrelationship With Cost Incentives = 1146
• D. Cost-Plus-Award-Fee Contracts = 1148
• 1. Structuring the Award Fee = 1150
• a. Base Fee = 1151
• b. Maximum Fee = 1151
• c. Award Periods = 1152
• d. Allocation of Award Fee = 1153
• e. Payment of Fee = 1156
• 2. Performance Evaluation Plan = 1157
• a. Award Criteria = 1158
• (1) Selecting the Criteria = 1158
• (2) Weighting the Criteria = 1161
• b. Rating System = 1162
• c. Award Procedure = 1166
• 3. Relationship of Award Fee to Other Provisions = 1169
• 4. CRAF／CPIF Contracts = 1170
• 5. Award Fee Provisions in Fixed-Price Contracts = 1171
• Ⅴ. Level-of-Effort Contracts = 1173
• A. Time-and-Materials and Labor-Hour Contracts = 1174
• B. Cost-Reimbursement Term Contracts = 1178
• C. Fixed-Price, Level-of-Effort Term Contract = 1180
• Ⅵ. Variable Quantity Contracts = 1181
• A. Requirements Contracts = 1185
• 1. Nature of Requirements Contracts = 1187
• 2. Use of Requirements Contracts = 1190
• 3. Pricing Arrangement = 1192
• 4. Length of Requirements Contracts = 1193
• 5. Structuring the Requirement = 1194
• a. Limiting the Requirement = 1194
• (1) Minimums and Maximums = 1195
• (2) Dividing the Requirement = 1197
• b. Allowing In-House Work = 1197
• c. Measuring the Work Required = 1200
• 6. Government Estimates = 1200
• a. Liability for Incorrect Estimate = 1201
• b. Contractor Obligation to Fulfill Requirements Exceeding Government Estimate = 1204
• c. Relief for Faulty Government Overestimate = 1205
• 7. Variations in Estimated Quantities Clauses = 1205
• 8. Government Failure to Order Its Requirements under the Contract = 1208
• a. Obtaining Needs from Alternate Source = 1208
• b. Government Change in Work = 1210
• c. Measuring Contractor Relief = 1211
• B. Multiyear Contracts = 1213
• 1. Legal Authority = 1215
• 2. Use = 1218
• 3. Procurement Technique = 1222
• a. Sharing the Risk = 1222
• b. Ensuring Government Flexibility = 1224
• c. Competition Requirements = 1225
• d. Evaluation of Offers = 1225
• 4. Level Pricing Requirement = 1228
• 5. Orders for Future Years = 1230
• 6. Cancellation of Items = 1231
• a. Costs Included in Ceiling = 1231
• b. Computation of Ceiling = 1233
• c. Failure to Order Full Quantity = 1234
• d. Legal Validity of Cancellation Provisions = 1235
• 7. Distinguishing Requirements Contracts = 1237
• C. Indefinite-Quantity Contracts = 1238
• 1. Adequate Minimum Quantity = 1239
• 2. Distinguishing Requirements Contracts = 1241
• 3. Multiple Award Preference = 1242
• 4. Structuring the Contract = 1244
• a. Minimum Quantities = 1244
• b. Maximum Quantities = 1245
• c. Length of the Contract = 1246
• 5. Evaluation and Award = 1247
• 6. Ordering Work under Indefinite-Quantity Contracts = 1249
• a. Verification of Prices = 1249
• b. Ordering under Multiple Award Contracts = 1250
• c. Time of Effectiveness = 1252
• d. Failure to Order Minimum Quantity = 1252
• D. Options = 1253
• 1. Use = 1254
• 2. Structuring and Evaluation of Options = 1256
• a. Evaluation of Option Quantities = 1257
• b. Nonevaluation of Option Quantities = 1259
• c. Limited Evaluation = 1260
• d. Level Pricing = 1260
• e. Prohibition of Nonrecurring Costs in Option Prices = 1262
• f. Discounting to Present Value = 1262
• 3. Failure to Bid Options = 1263
• 4. Exercise of Options = 1264
• a. Determining That Exercise Is Advantageous to the Government = 1265
• b. Negotiation of Options = 1271
• c. Method of Exercising an Option = 1271
• (1) Strict Compliance = 1271
• (2) Sequential Options = 1273
• (3) Time of Effectivity = 1274
• (4) Requirement for Written Notice = 1275
• (5) Performing after Improper Option Exercise = 1275
• (6) Unconscionability = 1276
• 5. Soft Options = 1277
• Chapter 9 Contract Pricing = 1279
• Ⅰ. Selecting the Analytical Technique = 1280
• A. Where Cost or Pricing Data Is Required = 1283
• 1. When Cost or Pricing Data Is Mandatory = 1284
• a. Type of Procurement Action = 1284
• b. Dollar Threshold = 1285
• 2. Obtaining the Data = 1286
• B. Actions under the Dollar Threshold = 1287
• C. Actions Where There Is Adequate Price Competition = 1289
• 1. Definition of Adequate Price Competition = 1289
• 2. Thchnique and Data = 1294
• D. Actions Where There Are Prices Set by Law or Regulation = 1295
• E. Actions Where There Are Commercial Items = 1295
• F. Actions Where There Are Agency Waivers = 1298
• G. Modifications to Commercial Items = 1300
• Ⅱ. Roles of Government Personnel = 1300
• A. Field Contracting Offices = 1303
• B. Auditors = 1305
• Ⅲ. Price Analysis = 1311
• A. Competitive Prices = 1312
• B. Prior Pricing Information = 1314
• C. Parametric Data = 1315
• D. Published Prices = 1316
• E. Independent Government Cost Estimates = 1317
• F. Market Prices = 1318
• Ⅳ. Cost Analysis = 1319
• A. Analysis of Proposed Costs Using Cost or Pricing Data = 1322
• 1. Cost or Pricing Data = 1324
• a. Definition of Cost or Pricing Data = 1324
• b. Insignificant Data = 1327
• c. Submission Techniques = 1328
• d. Explaining the Significance of the Data = 1329
• e. Currency of the Data = 1331
• 2. Types of Costs = 1333
• a. Material Costs = 1333
• (1) Vendor Data = 1333
• (2) Major Subcontracts = 1338
• (3) New Items = 1338
• b. Direct Labor Costs = 1339
• (1) Labor-Hours = 1339
• (2) Labor Rates = 1341
• c. Other Direct Costs = 1342
• d. Indirect Costs = 1342
• 3. Certification = 1345
• B. Cost Analysis Without Cost or Pricing Data = 1346
• 1. Cost Realism Analysis = 1348
• a. Material = 1353
• b. Direct Labor = 1353
• c. Indirect Costs = 1356
• d. Other Direct Costs = 1357
• e. Use of Analysis = 1358
• 2. Determining Price Reasonableness = 1359
• C. Should-Cost Analysis = 1360
• D. Methods for Expediting Analysis = 1360
• 1. Forward Pricing Rate Agreements = 1361
• 2. Estimating System Reports = 1361
• Ⅴ. Negotiation of Profit = 1362
• A. Fee Limitations = 1362
• B. Profit Negotiation Techniques = 1364
• 1. Goal of Structured Approach = 1364
• 2. Applicability of Structured Approach = 1366
• 3. Procedure = 1366
• 4. Profit Factors = 1368
• a. Contractor Effort = 1374
• (1) Civilian Agency Calculation = 1375
• (2) Department of Defense Calculation = 1378
• b. Contract Cost Risk = 1380
• c. Federal Socioeconomic Programs = 1383
• d. Capital Investments = 1383
• (1) Discretionary Determination = 1384
• (2) Precise Measurement of Facilities Capital = 1385
• (3) Working Capital Techniques = 1389
• e. Cost Control and Other Past Accomplishments = 1391
• f. Independent Development = 1393
• g. Other Factors = 1394
• 5. Facilities Capital Cost of Money Adjustment = 1394
• 6. Application to Nonprofit Organizations = 1396
• Ⅵ. Price Negotiation Procedures = 1397
• A. Prenegotiation Objectives = 1397
• B. Negotiation = 1398
• C. Price Negotiation Memorandum = 1399
• Chapter 10 Collateral Policies = 1403
• Ⅰ. Policies Assisting Small Businesses = 1403
• A. Size Determination = 1405
• 1. Affiliates = 1407
• 2. Subcontracts to Large Firms = 1410
• 3. Self-Certification = 1411
• B. Certificates of Competency = 1414
• C. Business Preferences = 1417
• 1. Set Asides = 1419
• a. Total Set-Asides = 1419
• b. Partial Set-Asides = 1421
• c. Small Business Innovation Research Set-Asides = 1423
• 2. Subcontracting to Small Businesses = 1424
• 3. Equal Low Bids = 1426
• Ⅱ. Small Disadvantaged Businesses = 1426
• A. Direct Award by Procuring Agencies = 1428
• B. "8(a) Program = 1428
• 1. Participants = 1429
• 2. Assistance = 1432
• 3. Contractual Relationships = 1433
• C. Government Contractor Responsibilities = 1434
• D. Proposed Evaluation Preference for Small Disadvantaged Businesses = 1435
• Ⅲ. Policies for Assisting Women-Owned Enterprises = 1435
• Ⅳ. Domestic Preference Policies = 1435
• A. Buy American Act = 1436
• 1. Unmanufactured Articles = 1437
• 2. Manufactured Articles = 1437
• a. Manufacturing = 1437
• b. End Products and Construction Materials versus Components = 1439
• c. Substantially All Rule = 1441
• 3. Solicitation and Contract Provisions = 1442
• 4. Exceptions = 1443
• a. Unreasonable Costs = 1443
• b. Unavailability = 1444
• c. Use Abroad = 1444
• d. Public Interest = 1445
• e. Trade Agreements Act of 1979 = 1446
• f. Caribbean Basin Recovery Act = 1448
• g. North American Free Trade Agreement = 1448
• B. Other Domestic Preferences = 1449
• 1. Statutory Restrictions = 1449
• 2. Balace of Payments Differentials = 1449
• Ⅴ. Policies on the Environment and Energy = 1450
• A. National Environmental Policy Act = 1450
• B. Energy Policy and Conservation Act = 1451
• C. Preferences for Low-Pollution Products = 1452
• D. Clean Air and Water = 1453
• Ⅵ. Equal Employment = 1454
• A. Executive Order No. 11246 = 1454
• 1. Equal Opportunity Clause = 1455
• 2. Affirmative Action Programs = 1456
• 3. Compliance Procedures = 1458
• 4. Sanctions = 1459
• B. Other Sources of Equal Employment Opportunity Requirements = 1459
• Ⅶ. Labor Standards = 1460
• A. Davis-Bacon Act = 1461
• 1. Determination That Contract Is a Constrution Contract = 1461
• 2. Employees Covered = 1462
• 3. Obtaining Wage Determinations = 1464
• 4. Procedures for Making Wage Determinations = 1465
• B. Walsh-Healey Act = 1466
• C. Service Contract Act = 1467
• 1. Scope of the Act = 1468
• a. Services = 1468
• b. Service Employees = 1469
• 2. Wage Determinations = 1470
• a. Determining Locality = 1471
• b. Collective Bargaining Agreements = 1473
• 3. Exemptions to Service Contract Act = 1474
• Ⅷ. Other Employee-Related Statutes = 1475
• A. Americans with Disabilities Act = 1475
• 1. Prohibited Discrimination = 1475
• 2. Reasonable Accommodation = 1476
• 3. Defenses = 1477
• 4. Enforcement = 1477
• B. Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988 = 1478
• 1. Policy = 1478
• 2. Drug Testing = 1479
• 3. Sanctions = 1480
• Chapter 11 Contract Award Controversies = 1481
• Ⅰ. Award Versus Performance Controversies = 1483
• Ⅱ. Procuring Agencies and Ombudsmen = 1484
• A. Jurisdiction = 1485
• B. Who May Protest = 1485
• C. Time for Protest = 1485
• D. Procedures = 1486
• E. Standards of Review = 1489
• F. Prejudice = 1489
• G. Remedies = 1490
• Ⅲ. General Accounting Office = 1491
• A. Jurisdiction = 1492
• 1. Statutory Authority = 1492
• a. Status of Agency = 1492
• b. Nature of Transaction = 1494
• 2. Nonstatutory Authority = 1495
• B. Who May Protest = 1496
• 1. Actual or Prospective Bidder or Offeror = 1496
• 2. Direct Economic Interest = 1498
• C. Time for Protest = 1503
• 1. Restrictive GAO Rules = 1503
• 2. Statutory Stay = 1506
• D. Intervenors = 1510
• E. Procedures = 1511
• 1. Filing a Protest = 1511
• a. Manner of Protest = 1511
• b. Copy to Contracting Agency = 1513
• c. Detailed Statement = 1513
• 2. Actions Following Receipt of Protest = 1514
• a. Notification = 1514
• b. Requests for Dismissal = 1514
• c. Early Request for Documents = 1515
• d. Agency Report = 1515
• e. Additional Documents = 1516
• f. Comments on Agency Report = 1517
• g. Further Submissions = 1517
• 3. Protective Orders = 1517
• a. Admissible Parties = 1518
• b. Procedure = 1519
• 4. Hearings = 1520
• 5. Time for Decision = 1520
• a. Statutory Deadline = 1521
• b. Express Option = 1521
• c. Summary Decision and Accelerated Schedule = 1522
• d. Decision Distribution = 1522
• 6. Reconsiderations = 1522
• F. Standards of Review = 1524
• G. Prejudice = 1525
• H. Remedies = 1529
• 1. Nonmonetary Remedies = 1529
• 2. Monetary Remedies = 1530
• a. Bid or Proposal Preparation Costs = 1531
• b. Protest Costs = 1532
• Ⅳ. Court of Federal Claims = 1536
• A. Procurement Activities Covered = 1538
• 1. Contract of the United States = 1538
• 2. Federal Agency = 1539
• B. Who May Protest = 1540
• 1. Disappointed Bidders = 1540
• 2. Interested Party = 1544
• C. Time for Protest = 1547
• D. Intervenors = 1547
• E. Procedures = 1548
• 1. Commencement of Action = 1548
• a. Complaint and Service of Summons = 1548
• b. Filing Fee = 1549
• 2. Pleadings and Motions = 1549
• a. Claim for Relief = 1549
• b. Preliminary Hearings = 1550
• 3. Depositions and Discovery = 1550
• F. Standards of Review = 1552
• G. Prejudice = 1554
• H. Remedies = 1555
• 1. Nonmonetary Remedies = 1555
• 2. Monetary Remedies = 1557
• a. Bid or Proposal Preparation Costs = 1558
• b. Protest Costs = 1560
• Ⅴ. District Courts = 1561
• A. Procurement Activities Covered = 1562
• B. Who May Protest = 1563
• 1. Person Aggrieved = 1563
• a. Injury in Fact = 1563
• b. Zone of Interests = 1565
• 2. Little Tucker Act = 1569
• 3. Interested Party = 1570
• C. Time for Protest = 1570
• D. Intervenors = 1570
• E. Procedures = 1571
• F. Standards of Review = 1571
• G. Prejudice = 1572
• H. Remedies = 1573
• 1. Nonmonetary Remedies = 1573
• a. Provisional Relief = 1573
• b. Final Relief = 1576
• 2. Monetary Remedies = 1577
• a. Bid and Proposal Costs = 1577
• b. Protest Costs = 1577
• I. Federal Tort Claims Act = 1577
• Ⅵ. Interrelationship of Forums and Appeals = 1579
• A. Court of Federal Claims and District Courts = 1579
• B. General Accounting Office = 1580
• C. Appeals = 1583
• Acronyms and Abbreviations = 1589
• Tables
• Court Cases = 1595
• Appeals Board Decisions = 1619
• Statutes = 1637
• Regulations = 1645
• Comptroller General Decisions = 1661
• B-Numbers = 1667
• Comptroller General's Procurement Decisions = 1701
• Subject Index = 1733