This dissertation examines the process through which fox representations formed in Chinese classical literature were received into Japanese classical literature, and investigates how they were reinterpreted and transformed in that process. While the p...
This dissertation examines the process through which fox representations formed in Chinese classical literature were received into Japanese classical literature, and investigates how they were reinterpreted and transformed in that process. While the primary focus is placed on Japanese classical literature, Chinese classical literature is positioned as a reference axis for understanding the formation and development of fox representations in Japan. To this end, the study traces the formation and development of fox representations in Chinese classical literature from the Pre-Qin and Qin-Han periods to the Qing dynasty, while analyzing the historical transformation and changing narrative functions of fox representations in representative works of Japanese classical literature from the ancient, Heian, medieval, and early modern periods. The study combines close textual analysis with comparative literary perspective, the framework of reception and transformation, and a diachronic approach.
The findings can be summarized in three major points. First, in Chinese classical literature, fox representations developed from early animal figures characterized by ambiguity and multiplicity into otherworldly beings endowed with transformative ability and personhood, and eventually advanced toward religiousization, the formation of the idea of the fox immortal, and the systematization of fox-related belief. This shows that the fox in Chinese classical literature was not merely a motif of strange tales, but rather formed a relatively stable motif structure centered on transformation and personification, marriage and interaction with humans, and the interrelation of the uncanny and religiosity. This Chinese motif structure functions as an important comparative basis for interpreting fox representations in Japanese classical literature.
Second, fox representations in Japanese classical literature should not be understood as the product of one-sided imitation of Chinese literary models, but rather as the result of stage-by-stage reinterpretation under the religious, intellectual, and narrative conditions of each period. In ancient Japanese literature, the fox tended to appear as a natural creature, an omen, or a mediator of the numinous. In the Heian period, it came to the foreground as a beautiful woman, wife, or otherworldly being, functioning as a central agent in narrative structures involving marriage, misrecognition, pursuit, and intrusion into human relationships. In medieval literature, its foregrounded role partially receded, and it was repositioned as a mediator of moral instruction, miraculous efficacy, signs, and religious order. In early modern literature, it returned to the foreground, but now in forms marked by popularization, urbanization, visualization, and functional complexity. This diachronic investigation demonstrates that the fox in Japanese classical literature, while grounded in motifs formed in Chinese literature, became a flexible representation that acquired its own symbolic system and narrative functions within Japanese literary history.
Third, the transformation of fox representations must be understood not simply as a change in narrative content, but as a reorganization of religious and intellectual contexts and of narrative function. In Chinese literature, the fox moves from an uncanny being toward cultivation, enlightenment, immortalization, and even becoming an object of belief, a trajectory closely tied to the religious subjectification of the fox itself. In contrast, in Japanese literature, the fox is incorporated into Buddhist karmic causality, miraculous narratives, signs, Inari belief, and local narratives of prosperity, and more strongly tends to function as a mediator and marker of religious order. In terms of narrative function, whereas the fox in Chinese literature develops from an omen-like sign into an agent that generates events and eventually into a being that embodies religious order, the fox in Japanese literature is reconfigured across periods as a mediator of the numinous in ancient literature, an event-generating agent in Heian literature, a didactic and religious mediator in medieval literature, and in early modern literature as an uncanny protagonist, constructor of illusion, popular narrative role, and mediator of belief. These differences show that the Japanese fox was not a simple reproduction of the Chinese fox, but was reorganized within the internal logic of Japanese classical literature.
In conclusion, this dissertation demonstrates that the fox motif formed in Chinese classical literature was received into Japanese classical literature and then gradually reinterpreted and reconstructed according to Japan’s religious, intellectual, social, and narrative conditions. The historical transformation of fox representations thus reveals not merely the movement of an animal image, but a concrete case of how cultural exchange and symbolic systems are reorganized in East Asian classical literature. By examining Chinese and Japanese classical literature through the continuous perspective of fox representation, this study offers a methodological framework that connects the study of otherworldly representations, comparative literature, and narrative function.