The optimal water quality management for Paldang lake, which is the most important water source for 25 million of metropolitan people, has been researched by many studies. But most of those studies were focused on only generation and changes of organi...
The optimal water quality management for Paldang lake, which is the most important water source for 25 million of metropolitan people, has been researched by many studies. But most of those studies were focused on only generation and changes of organic materials in Paldang lake, intensive considering about integrated pollutant source management related watershed area and water quality improvement effect by water flow control is insufficient.
Recently, total maximum daily load(TMDL) management was introduced. Most measurements did not consider the effect of water quality in the overall basin, but remained in the pollutant management of administrative district. Even though water quantity and quality are interrelated hydrologically, the dam management has been carried out focusing on the electric power generation and disaster prevention by flooding and supply of domestic, industrial and agricultural water without consideration of water quality. Therefore, for efficient water quality management of Paldang lake, it is necessary to figure out the pollutant distribution in the watershed and effect of those pollutants on Paldang lake to design proper management plan, and it is also required to analyze the effect and necessity of pollutant management on the overall water system in terms of water resources use for water quantity management.
Accordingly, this study attempted to assess the discharge characteristics of pollutants in the watershed of Paldang lake and the contribution of pollution on unit watershed in order to design proper pollutant management plan. And this study also aimed to suggest the integrated watershed management strategy for pollutants and water quantity by analyzing the water quality improvement effect using the spare water quantity of dam. The results are as followed.
□ Analysis of pollutant discharge characteristics and selection of focused control term
The pollutant discharge characteristics were analyzed using the water inflow rate and pollution load of Paldang lake between 1985 and 2012.
As for the flow coefficient in the interaction function between water inflow rate and pollution load, BOD was 0.90 and T-P was 1.41. Thus, when water inflow rate increased, BOD concentration decreased. To the contrary, when water inflow rate increased, T-P concentration increased.
The management target exceeding frequency to achieve Ia level of Paldang lake using pollution load duration curve(LDC) was analyzed in order to determine focused control term. Analysis result of excessive frequency about inflow rate to Paldang lake, rainfall events, seasonal and periodical term, BOD had the highest excessive frequency in the Mid-range conditions as ordinary water flow rate, 20~30mm of rainfall during march to june. Thus, it was selected as focused control term. For T-P, when both of inflow rate and rainfall increased, the excessive frequency increased. And more than 90% of excessive frequency appeared in the Mid-range conditions as for inflow rate, more than 10mm of rainfall after March.
□ Characteristics of pollutant generation and discharge, and pollutant delivery load of small streams
Results from characteristics of pollutant generation and discharge analysis, the generation load and discharge load was made from livestock > domestic > industrial > land > others from the highest order for both BOD and T-P. By basin, it was made in the order of Namhan river > Gyeongan stream > Paldang lake > Bukhan river. In particular, the livestock pollutants from unit watershed of Cheongmi A, Yanghwa A and Bokha A in Namhan river basin accounted for 29.8% of BOD discharged load and 40.1% of T-P discharged load. Thus, the livestock farmhouses of these unit watersheds discharged pollutants intensively. As for the percentage of discharged load which reached to the end of small streams, BOD was 40% and T-P was 27.1%. Among them, pollutants from livestock and land accounted for 74% of BOD and 66% of T-P respectively. Therefore, it is determined that the non-point pollutant source management is required to water quality management of small stream in watershed including the livestock and land.
□ Development of pollutant delivery load formula and assessment of pollution contribution by basin
In order to calculate pollutant delivery load by discharge channel, the pollutant delivery load formula was developed. The calculated value based on the pollutant delivery load formula and the coefficient of determination of actual measurement value was 0.82 for BOD and 0.77 for T-P, which showed the reproducibility.
About the effects of pollutant on Paldang lake from unit watershed considering pollutant distribution status, Bokha A and Cheongmi A were main BOD contribution unit watershed to paldang lake, and Gyeongan A and Hangang F contributed T-P to Paldang lake mainly. In other words, BOD had higher effect on basin with more pollutant discharged load. To the contrary, T-P had the higher effect on the basin with shorter flow distance and time. As the result from assesment of pollutants effect on Paldang lake considering the river self-purification capacity, although same amount of pollutants were discharged, Gyeongan A, followed by Hangang F, Bokha A and Gyeongan A had the highest effect on Paldang lake with BOD and Gyeongan A, followed by Hangang F, Gyeongan B and Bokha A had the highest effect with T-P. Shortly, pollutants increase in these unit watershed seems to make worse the water quality of Paldang lake than pollutants from other unit watershed. Thus, it is proved to be necessary to focused management on these unit watershed for the water quality improvement of Paldang lake.
□ Selection of focused control pollutant and reduction plan considering pollution contribution
For the focused control pollutant considering the pollution contribution of unit watershed, livestock of Cheongmi A, Bokha A, domestic of Gyeongan A, land of Bokha A and Gyeongan A were selected for BOD management. Total pollutants from those unit watershed accounted for 42.2 % of the pollutant delivery load of overall Paldang lake. Meanwhile, domestic of Gyeongan A, Hangang F and livestock of Bokha A, Cheongmi A and Yanghwa A were selected as focused control pollutants for T-P. Those pollutants accounted for 50.1 % of the pollutant delivery load of overall Paldang lake.
Priority determination coefficient for reduction plan was figured out by pollution contribution of unit watershed to Paldang lake, possible reduction load and cost for reduction plan. The reduction plan were assessed using producted determination coefficient. As a result, it is required to establish or extend waste water treatment plant, and maintenance of sewage pipes for BOD control. To decrease T-P effect, advanced waste water treatment plant and livestock recycling system are needed.
□ Water quality improvement effect by the pollutant source and flow rate control
The pollutant reduction effects were analyzed using SWAT and EFDC model. Simulated area were 3 unit watershed of Namhan river including Cheongmi stream that had high effect on Paldang lake with much pollutant discharge, and 3 unit watershed of Hangang F that had high contribution as it is adjacent to Paldang lake. The results explained that pollutant decreases at unit watershed with higher pollutant contribution had higher water quality improvement effects of Paldang lake. If all possible reduction plans in the research areas were implemented, while BOD decreased 17.8% and T-P decreased 16.9%, the water quality improved by 5.7% for BOD and by 7.2% for T-P. And if the spare water of Soyang dam and Chungju dam was used to improve water quality of Paldang lake between March and May, BOD concentration decreased to 5.8%, but there was no significant water quality improvement for T-P due to the reduction of precipitation by the increase of flow velocity. And also water quality improvement effects was not meaningful with 7.6% for BOD and 0.2% for T-P during drought. Accordingly, it is necessary to establish a management plan considering discharge characteristics and contribution of pollutants instead of simple and inefficient discharge load management. As water quality control can be expected by spare water quantity management, if integrated watershed management on pollutants and water quantity is carried out, it is expected that more effective water quality improvement of Paldang lake can be achieved.