미국의 정보자유법(FOIA) 50년(1966-2016) = The Fifty-year Legislative History of the U.S. Freedom of Information Act (1966-2016)

국문 초록 (Abstract)

미국의 정보자유법(FOIA)은 알 권리를 구현하는 법률로서 1966년에 제정되고 1967년에 5 U.S.C. §552로 법전화된 이후, 1974년 개정에서부터 수차례의 개정(1976년, 1984년, 1986년, 1996년, 2002년, 2007년, 2009년)을 거친 뒤에 최근 2016년의 개정에 이르는 50년의 입법사를 지니고 있다.
이러한 정보자유법의 목적은 정보로 무장한 시민을 확보하여 정부를 감시하고 부패를 방지함으로써 민주주의를 실질화하고 치자들이 피치자들에게 책임을 지도록 하려는 것이다.
그러한 목적을 일관되게 유지하면서도, 다른 한편으로, 정보자유법(FOIA)은 50년 개정사를 통하여 공개와 비공개의 균형을 유지하면서 개인의 자유와 국가 이익의 조화를 도모하여왔다.
이 논문에서는 우선, 이러한 정보자유법(FOIA)의 구조와 내용을 개관하고(Ⅱ), 다음으로, 1966년에서 2016년에 이르는 FOIA의 전개를 개정의 배경과 내용을 중심으로 간략하게 살펴보며(Ⅲ), 끝으로, 이러한 고찰을 통하여 조망할 수 있는 FOIA 50년의 통사적 의의를 검토하고(Ⅳ), 한국의 정보공개법과 관련한 시사점도 정리하고자 한다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The U.S. Freedom of Information Act(FOIA) enacted in 1966 is a statute that realizes the Public’s Right to Know and it was codified to 5 U.S.C. §552 in 1967; with the amendment of 1974 its beginning, it has been through a many number of amendments (1976, 1984, 1986, 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009) to the latest of 2016. It has the fifty-year legislative history of its own.
The purpose of such FOIA is to ensure an informed citizenry to overwatch governments and to prevent corruption, in order to actualize democracy and for the governors to realize the responsibility they owe to the governed.
On the other hand, the purpose has been maintained with consistency as it has stricken the balance of disclosure and withholding via fifty-year of amendment history, promoting in harmonizing the freedom of individual and the benefit of the nation.
In this article, the structure and contents of FOIA shall be overviewed (Ⅱ), which will be followed by a brief examination of the developments of FOIA based on the background and contents of its amendments (Ⅲ); with the observation, the fifty-year history of FOIA will be reviewed on its complete historic meaning (Ⅳ) and some suggestions related to Korean Official Information Disclosure Act will be made.

참고문헌 (Reference)

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3 정하명, "전자정보공개제도의 현황과 문제점" 한국비교공법학회 10 (10): 259-282, 2009

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5 김배원, "미국의 정보자유법(FOIA) 30년(1966-1996)" 3 (3): 2001

6 김배원, "미국의 정보자유법(FOIA Text; EFOIA of 1996) 역문 및 원문" 40 (40): 1999

7 김배원, "미국ㆍ일본ㆍ한국의 정보공개법 비교고찰" 28 (28): 2000

8 이부하, "미국 헌법상 알 권리와 액세스권의 보장 - 미국 연방 정보자유법과 9ㆍ11테러 이후 알 권리를 중심으로 -" 미국헌법학회 27 (27): 151-178, 2016

9 경건, "미국 정보공개법제의 개관" 15 (15): 2007

10 "https://www.justice.gov/oip/blog/foia-post-2010-congress-passes-amendment-exemption-3-foia"

11 "https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu./nsa/foialeghistory/legisfoia.htm"

12 "https:// www.justice.gov/oip/oip-summary-foia-improvement-act-2016"

13 "http://www.justice.gov./oip/doj-guide-freedom of information-act-0"

14 "http://www.justice.gov /sites /default /files/ oip/legacy/2014/07/23/fy2013-annual –reportsummary.pdf"

15 "http://www.foia.gov./foia-statute.html"

16 "http://www.congress.gov/114/bills/s337/BILLS-114s337enr.xml"

17 David Cuillier, "The People’s Right to Know: Comparing HaroldL. Cross’ Pre-FOIA World to Post-FOIA Today" 21 : 433-, 2016

18 David Mitchell Ivester, "The Constitutional Right To Know" 4 : 109-, 1977

19 Julia P. Eckart, "THE HISTORY OF THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT'S APPARENT FAILURE TO DEFINE “RECORD,” AND THE DISCONCERTING TREND OF APPLYING ELECTRONIC DISCOVERY PROTOCOLS TO THE FOIA" 11 : 313-, 2018

20 Patrick Leahy, "Recent Developments Electronic Freedom of Imformation Act The Electronic FOIA Amendments of 1996: Reformatting the FOIA For On-Line Acess" 50 : 2-, 1998

21 Erin C. Carroll, "Protecting Watchdog: Using the Freedom of Information Act to Preference the Press" 2016 : 193-, 2016

22 "PUBLIC LAWS-CH. 324-JUNE 11, 1946 60 STAT. 238"

23 "PUBLIC LAW 99-570—OCT. 27, 1986 100 STAT. 3207"

24 "PUBLIC LAW 95-454—OCT. 13, 1978 92 STAT. 1111"

25 "PUBLIC LAW 94-409—-SEPT. 13, 1976 90 STAT. 1241"

26 "PUBLIC LAW 93-502-NOV. 21, 1974, 88 STAT. 1561"

27 "PUBLIC LAW 90-23_JUNE 5, 1967 81 STAT. 54"

28 "PUBLIC LAW 89-487_JULY 4, 1966 80 STAT. 250"

29 "PUBLIC LAW 110–175—DEC. 31, 2007, 121 STAT. 2524"

30 "PUBLIC LAW 107–306—NOV. 27, 2002 116 STAT. 2383"

31 "PUBLIC LAW 104-231—OCT. 2, 1996, 110 STAT. 3048"

32 Aram A. Gavoor, "Oversight of Oversight: A Proposal For More Effective FOIA Reform" 66 : 525-, 2017

33 Benjamin W. Cramer, "OLD LOVE FOR NEW SNOOPS: HOW EXEMPTION 3 OF THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT ENABLES AN IRREBUTTABLE PRESUMPTION OF SURVEILLANCE SECRECY" 23 : 91-, 2018

34 M. David Lacher, "Note, Freedom of Information Act Amendments of 1974: An Analysis" 26 : 951-, 1975

35 Michael R. Lemov, "JOHN MOSS AND THE ROOTS OF THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT: WORLDWIDE IMPLICATIONS" 24 : 1-, 2018

36 Keith Anderson, "Is There Still a “Sound Legal Basis?”: The Freedom of Information Act in the Post-9/11 World" 64 : 1605-, 2003

37 G. Larry Engel, "Introduction: Information Disclosure Polices and Practices of Federal Administrative Agencies" 68 : 184-, 1973

38 David C. Vladeck, "Information Acess-Suveying the Currnet Legal Landscape od Federal Right –To-Know Laws" 86 : 1787-, 2008

39 Herbert N. Foerstel, "Freedom of Information and the Right To Know-The Origins and Applications of the Freedom of Information Act" Greenwood Press 1999

40 Comment, "Freedom of Information Act: A Time for Change?" 1983 : 171-, 1983

41 Lotte E. Feinberg, "FOIA, federal information policy, and information availability in a post-9/11 world" 21 : 2004

42 Ben Wasike, "FOIA in the age of “Open.Gov.”: An Analysis of the performance of the Freedom of Information Act under the Obama and Bush administrations" 33 : 417-, 2016

43 "FOIA IMPROVEMENT ACT OF 2016, 114 P.L. 185. 130 Stat. 538"

44 Note, "Developments under the Freedom of Information Act-1986" 1987 : 1987

45 Thomas I. Emerson, "Colonial Intentions and Current Relations of The First Amendment" 125 : 737-, 1977

46 Allan Robert Adler, "American Civil Liberties Union Foundations" 1997