Natural woodland : ecology and conservation in northern temperate regions

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xii
• PART 1 DEFINITIONS, SIGNIFICANCE AND SURVIVAL = 1
• 1 Woodland, nature and history : a personal introduction = 3
• 1.1 The significance of natural woodland = 4
• 1.2 History as an element in woodland nature conservation = 5
• 1.3 Limitations of the historical approach = 6
• 1.4 Aims of this book = 7
• 1.5 A dedication = 8
• 2 Definitions, values and philosophies = 10
• 2.1 The concept of naturalness = 11
• 2.2 Definitions of natural woodland = 12
• 2.3 Definitions of related terms = 15
• 2.4 The scientific values of natural woodlands = 19
• 2.5 The cultural values of natural woodland = 23
• 2.6 Historial roots of nature conservation = 27
• 2.7 Foresters and nature conservationists = 29
• 3 Natural woodland in Europe and North America = 33
• 3.1 Forest types in Europe = 34
• 3.2 Virgin forest remnants in Europe = 37
• 3.3 Ecological status of European virgin forests = 42
• 3.4 Forest types in North America = 45
• 3.5 Destruction and survival of old-growth in North America = 48
• 3.6 Indian influences on North American old-growth = 51
• 3.7 Conclusions = 52
• PART 2 TEMPERATE AND BOREAL NATURAL FORESTS = 55
• 4 Selected virgin forests = 57
• 4.1 Pisgah Forest, New Hampshire = 58
• 4.2 Joyce Kilmer Memorial Forest, North Carolina = 63
• 4.3 William L. Hutcheson Memorial Forest, New Jersey = 70
• 4.4 Bialowiea Forest, Poland = 73
• 4.5 Hoh and Queets Valleys, Olympic National Park, Washington = 80
• 5 Disturbance in natural woodland = 86
• 5.1 Definition of disturbance = 87
• 5.2 Wind = 88
• 5.3 Gaps = 91
• 5.4 Biotic disturbances = 95
• 5.5 Drought = 99
• 5.6 Fire = 100
• 5.7 Ice and snow = 106
• 5.8 Landslips and other physical disturbances = 107
• 5.9 Floodplains = 108
• 5.10 Disturbances and successional time = 109
• 5.11 Disturbance regimes = 112
• 5.12 Conclusions = 115
• 6 Succession after catastrophic disturbances = 117
• 6.1 Development of forest stands = 118
• 6.2 Succession in the ground vegetation = 123
• 6.3 Long-term successions = 125
• 6.4 Early models of succession = 128
• 6.5 Biomass accumulation model of Bormann and Likens = 131
• 6.6 Succession models in terms of species = 132
• 6.7 The diversity of successions = 135
• 7 Structures and dynamics of old-growth forests = 140
• 7.1 Regeneration within established woodland = 141
• 7.2 Age and dimensions of trees and stands = 149
• 7.3 Mortality in old-growth stands = 151
• 7.4 Age-structure at the stand scale = 155
• 7.5 Stand-structures = 164
• 7.6 Patchiness in stand-structure = 168
• 7.7 Diversity and stability in composition = 175
• 7.8 Relationships between conifers and broadleaves = 178
• 7.9 Analogues of silvicultural systems = 180
• 7.10 Floodplain forests = 183
• 8 Components of the forest = 187
• 8.1 Dead wood = 188
• 8.2 Soils = 194
• 8.3 Permanent open spaces = 197
• 8.4 Watercourses and riparian zones = 204
• 9 Wildlife of natural forests = 208
• 9.1 Natural species diversity in temperate forests = 209
• 9.2 Forest habitats and wildlife = 211
• 9.3 Old-growth as habitat = 213
• 9.4 Vertebrates associate with old-growth = 216
• 9.5 Field layer communities in undisturbed old-growth = 218
• 9.6 The flora of gaps = 221
• 9.7 The fauna of open spaces = 222
• 9.8 Large mammals in natural forests = 223
• 9.9 Wildlife of aquatic systems within forests = 225
• PART 3 VIRGIN FOREST REMNANTS = 227
• 10 Human impacts on natural forests in North America = 229
• 10.1 Forests and people in Petersham, central Massachusetts = 230
• 10.2 Fragmentation and changes in forest pattern = 233
• 10.3 Impacts within the forest = 236
• 10.4 Changes in the forest surroundings = 240
• 10.5 Secondary woodland = 242
• 10.6 Comparison between old-growth and second-growth at the site scale = 244
• 10.7 Regional changes due to logging = 248
• 10.8 Regional changes in farmed ares = 253
• 10.9 Overview of changes in the forests of eastern North America = 257
• 11 Wildlife responses to the modification of natural forests = 260
• 11.1 Decline of forest mammals = 261
• 11.2 Changes in forest birds = 262
• 11.3 Changes in European forest birds = 264
• 11.4 A framework for wildlife responses = 266
• 11.5 Responses of original forest invertebrates = 267
• 11.6 Redistribution of the invertebrates of open spaces = 269
• 11.7 Changes in riparian ecosystems = 270
• 11.8 General changes in the flora = 271
• 11.9 Relict distributions of plant species = 272
• 11.10 Entry of species from the matrix into remnant forests = 274
• 11.11 Changes in diversity = 276
• 11.12 Conclusions = 278
• 12 Protecting virgin forest remnants = 279
• 12.1 Recent destruction of virgin old-growth = 280
• 12.2 Size and distribution of protected natural forests = 282
• 12.3 Motivations for protecting natural forests = 284
• 12.4 Reserves as representatives of the pristine landscape = 285
• 12.5 Stability and scale in natural reserves = 286
• 12.6 Survival of species in natural forest reserves = 288
• 12.7 Influence of surroundings on natural reserves = 289
• 12.8 Improving the protection of virgin and old-growth reserves = 292
• 12.9 Can virgin and old-growth reserves be natural? = 295
• PART 4 NATURAL FEATURES IN THE CONSERVATION OF BRITISH WOODLAND = 297
• 13 Woodland nature conservation : development, rationale and practice = 299
• 13.1 Nature conservation in Britain = 301
• 13.2 Special features relating to woodland nature conservation = 303
• 13.3 Some characteristics of British woodland wildlife = 305
• 13.4 Objectives and priorities of woodland nature conservation = 310
• 13.5 Value of ancient semi-natural woods = 316
• 13.6 Management objectives for woodland nature conservation = 317
• 13.7 Woodland nature reserves = 318
• 13.8 Conservative conservation in woodland = 321
• 13.9 Ecological assumptions behind woodland nature conservation = 322
• 14 British natural woodland = 325
• 14.1 Original-natural woodland = 326
• 14.2 Natural long-term trends = 327
• 14.3 Wind as a component of the natural disturbance regime = 328
• 14.4 Other natural disturbances = 335
• 14.5 Present-natural woodland = 340
• 14.6 Future-natural woodland = 349
• 14.7 Conclusion = 351
• 15 Reconstructing British natural woodland = 352
• 15.1 Natural restoration from ancient semi-natural woodland = 353
• 15.2 Natural secondary succession = 362
• 15.3 Choice of objectives for restoring natural woodland = 369
• 15.4 Restoring original-natural woodland = 369
• 15.5 Restoring site and soil = 370
• 15.6 Controlling stand composition and structure = 371
• 15.7 Accepting and simulating natural disturbances = 373
• 15.8 Control of woodland fauna and flora = 374
• 15.9 Insulating natural reserves from the landscape = 378
• 15.10 Planting new 'original-natural' woodland = 379
• 15.11 Research as a basis for re-creating natural woodland = 381
• 16 Management of broadleaved woodland = 383
• 16.1 Traditional management of broadleaved woodland = 384
• 16.2 High forest systems = 392
• 16.3 Dead wood in managed woodlands = 396
• 16.4 Open spaces in managed woodland = 398
• 16.5 Relationships with the landscape = 405
• 16.6 Comparison between natural and managed broadleaved woodland = 408
• 16.7 Choice of silvicultural system = 410
• 16.8 Natural regeneration and planting = 414
• 16.9 Composition = 416
• 16.10 Maturity = 419
• 16.11 Management of permanent open spaces = 421
• 16.12 Grazing and browsing = 421
• 16.13 Broadleaved afforestation = 422
• 16.14 Natural elements in the management of broadleaved woodland = 423
• 17 Design and management of upland conifer plantations = 425
• 17.1 The scale of conifer afforestation = 426
• 17.2 Upland afforestation : description and development = 427
• 17.3 Habitat systems = 430
• 17.4 Ecological changes in and around plantations = 441
• 17.5 Controversy and afforestation = 447
• 17.6 Landscape conservation and nature conservation = 448
• 17.7 Nature conservation and plantation management = 451
• 17.8 Management of open spaces = 456
• 17.9 Whole forest design = 458
• 17.10 Native pinewoods = 459
• 17.11 Forest distribution = 462
• 18 Priorities in woodland nature conservation = 464
• 18.1 The changing context of woodland nature conservation = 465
• 18.2 Woodland nature reserves = 467
• 18.3 Research on woodland nature reserves = 470
• 18.4 Management of ancient woodland = 472
• 18.5 Management of broadleaved woodland = 475
• 18.6 Upland forests = 477
• 18.7 Restoring the relationship between woods and their surroundings = 478
• 18.8 Restoring lost forest types = 480
• 18.9 The forestry profession = 482
• Appendix : Scientific names of North American and European trees and shrubs = 487
• Bibliography = 491
• Index to trees and shrubs = 512
• Site index = 515
• Subject index = 518