Toll-like Receptors and Innate Immunity

목차 (Table of Contents)

• INTRODUCTION
• 1. Overview of TLR family
• 2. TLR signaling pathways: activation of NF-κB and MAPK
• 3. The roles of TLR signaling in innate immunity: animal studies
• 4. The roles of TLR signaling in innate immunity: clinical evidence
• 5. Negative regulators in TLR signaling
• Conclusion
• REFERENCES

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Lemaitre B, "he dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spatzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults" 86 : 973-983, 1996

2 Gerold G, "What is the role of Toll-like receptors in bacterial infections" 19 : 41-47, 2007

3 Krikos A, "Transcriptional activation of the tumor necrosis factor alpha-inducible zinc finger protein, A20, is mediated by kappa B elements" 267 : 17971-17976, 1992

4 Plattner F, "Toxoplasma profilin is essential for host cell invasion and TLR11-dependent induction of an interleukin-12 response" 3 : 77-87, 2008

5 Sato S, "Toll/IL-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-beta (TRIF) associates with TNF receptor-associated factor 6 and TANK-binding kinase 1, and activates two distinct transcription factors, NFkappa B and IFN-regulatory factor-3, in the Toll-like receptor signaling" 171 : 4304-4310, 2003

6 Takeda K, "Toll-like receptors in innate immunity" 17 : 1-14, 2005

7 Weiss DS, "Toll-like receptors are temporally involved in host defense" 172 : 4463-4469, 2004

8 Kawai T, "Toll-like receptors and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity" 34 : 637-650, 2011

9 Li X, "Toll-like receptor signaling in cell proliferation and survival" 49 : 1-9, 2010

10 Jarchum I, "Toll-like receptor 5 stimulation protects mice from acute clostridium difficile colitis" 79 : 1498-1503, 2011

11 Boone DL, "The ubiquitin-modifying enzyme A20 is required for termination of Toll-like receptor responses" 5 : 1052-1060, 2004

12 Kawai T, "The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors" 11 : 373-384, 2010

13 Yuk JM, "The orphan nuclear receptor SHP acts as a negative regulator in inflammatory signaling triggered by Toll-like receptors" NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP 12 (12): 742-143, 2011

14 O'Neill LA, "The interleukin-1 receptor/Toll-like receptor superfamily: signal transduction during inflammation and host defense" 2000 : 2000

15 Brinkmann MM, "The interaction between the ER membrane protein UNC93B and TLR3, 7, and 9 is crucial for TLR signaling" 177 : 265-275, 2007

16 Cohen J, "The immunopathogenesis of sepsis" 420 : 885-891, 2002

17 Sheedy FJ, "The Troll in Toll: Mal and Tram as bridges for TLR2 and TLR4 signaling" 82 : 196-203, 2007

18 Opipari AW Jr, "The A20 cDNA induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha encodes a novel type of zinc finger protein" 265 : 14705-14708, 1990

19 Shibolet O, "TLRs in the Gut. IV. Negative regulation of Toll-like receptors and intestinal homeostasis: addition by subtraction" 292 : 1469-1473, 2007

20 Zhang SY, "TLR3 deficiency in patients with herpes simplex encephalitis" 317 : 1522-1527, 2007

21 Takeda K, "TLR signaling pathways" 16 : 3-9, 2004

22 Arpaia N, "TLR signaling is required for Salmonella typhimurium virulence" 144 : 675-688, 2011

23 Kawai T, "TLR signaling" 13 : 816-825, 2006

24 Yamamoto M, "TIR domaincontaining adaptors define the specificity of TLR signaling" 40 : 861-868, 2004

25 Jin MS, "Structures of the toll-like receptor family and its ligand complexes" CELL PRESS 29 (29): 182-191, 2008

26 Lee YS, "Structure and function of the atypical orphan nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner" ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS INC 261 (261): 117-158, 2007

27 Heil F, "Species-specific recognition of single-stranded RNA via toll-like receptor 7 and 8" 303 : 1526-1529, 2004

28 LeBouder E, "Soluble forms of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 capable of modulating TLR2 signaling are present in human plasma and breast milk" 171 : 6680-6689, 2003

29 Hemmi H, "Small anti-viral compounds activate immune cells via the TLR7 MyD88-dependent signaling pathway" 3 : 196-200, 2002

30 Manavalan B, "Similar Structures but Different Roles - An Updated Perspective on TLR Structures" 2 : 41-, 2011

31 Kawai T, "Signaling to NF-kappaB by Toll-like receptors" 13 : 460-469, 2007

32 Ku CL, "Selective predisposition to bacterial infections in IRAK-4-deficient children: IRAK-4- dependent TLRs are otherwise redundant in protective immunity" 204 : 2407-2422, 2007

33 Brint EK, "ST2 is an inhibitor of interleukin 1 receptor and Toll-like receptor 4 signaling and maintains endotoxin tolerance" 5 : 373-379, 2004

34 Wald D, "SIGIRR, a negative regulator of Toll-like receptorinterleukin 1 receptor signaling" 4 : 920-927, 2003

35 Yamamoto M, "Role of adaptor TRIF in the MyD88- independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway" 301 : 640-643, 2003

36 Janssens S, "Regulation of interleukin-1-and lipopolysaccharide-induced NFkappaB activation by alternative splicing of MyD88" 12 : 467-471, 2002

37 Medzhitov R, "Recognition of microorganisms and activation of the immune response" 449 : 819-826, 2007

38 Alexopoulou L, "Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-kappaB by Toll-like receptor 3" 413 : 732-738, 2001

39 Pérez de Diego R, "Plancoulaine S, Picard C, et al. Human TRAF3 adaptor molecule deficiency leads to impaired Toll-like receptor 3 response and susceptibility to herpes simplex encephalitis" 33 : 400-411, 2010

40 Kumar H, "Pathogen recognition by the innate immune system" 30 : 16-34, 2011

41 Sun SC, "New insights into NF-kappaB regulation and function" 29 : 469-478, 2008

42 Tapping RI, "Mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan mediates physical interactions between TLR1 and TLR2 to induce signaling" 9 : 264-268, 2003

43 Miller LS, "MyD88 mediates neutrophil recruitment initiated by IL-1R but not TLR2 activation in immunity against Staphylococcus aureus" 24 : 79-91, 2006

44 Johnson AC, "MyD88 functions as a negative regulator of TLR3/TRIF-induced corneal inflammation by inhibiting activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase" 283 : 3988-3996, 2008

45 Kenny EF, "MyD88 adaptor-like is not essential for TLR2 signaling and inhibits signaling by TLR3" 183 : 3642-3651, 2009

46 Chang L, "Mammalian MAP kinase signalling cascades" 410 : 37-40, 2001

47 Wang X, "Lipopolysaccharide: Biosynthetic pathway and structure modification" 49 : 97-107, 2010

48 Latz E, "Ligand-induced conformational changes allosterically activate Toll-like receptor 9" 8 : 772-779, 2007

49 Feuillet V, "Involvement of Toll-like receptor 5 in the recognition of flagellated bacteria" 103 : 12487-12492, 2006

50 Garlanda C, "Intestinal inflammation in mice deficient in Tir8, an inhibitory member of the IL-1 receptor family" d101 : 3522-3526, 2004

51 Leavy O, "Innate immunity: SHP regulates TLR signalling" 11 : 502-, 2011

52 Diebold SS, "Innate antiviral responses by means of TLR7- mediated recognition of single-stranded RNA" 303 : 1529-1531, 2004

53 Ku CL, "Inherited disorders of human Tolllike receptor signaling: immunological implications" 203 : 10-20, 2005

54 Campos MA, "Impaired production of proinflammatory cytokines and host resistance to acute infection with Trypanosoma cruzi in mice lacking functional myeloid differentiation factor 88" 172 : 1711-1718, 2004

55 Thomassen E, "Identification and characterization of SIGIRR, a molecule representing a novel subtype of the IL-1R superfamily" 11 : 389-399, 1999

56 Kobayashi K, "IRAK-M is a negative regulator of Toll-like receptor signaling" 110 : 191-202, 2002

57 Ishii KJ, "Host innate immune receptors and beyond: making sense of microbial infections" 3 : 352-363, 2008

58 Casrouge A, "Herpes simplex virus encephalitis in human UNC-93B deficiency" 314 : 308-312, 2006

59 Guo Y, "Herpes simplex virus encephalitis in a patient with complete TLR3 deficiency: TLR3 is otherwise redundant in protective immunity" 208 : 2083-2098, 2011

60 Janssens S, "Functional diversity and regulation of different interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) family members" 11 : 293-302, 2003

61 Vijay-Kumar M, "Flagellin: key target of mucosal innate immunity" 2 : 197-205, 2009

62 Carty M, "Evaluating the role of Toll-like receptors in diseases of the central nervous system" 81 : 825-837, 2011

63 Uematsu S, "Detection of pathogenic intestinal bacteria by Toll-like receptor 5 on intestinal CD11c+ lamina propria cells" 7 : 868-874, 2006

64 Iwami KI, "Cutting edge: naturally occurring soluble form of mouse Toll-like receptor 4 inhibits lipopolysaccharide signaling" 165 : 6682-6686, 2000

65 Andersen-Nissen E, "Cutting edge: Tlr5-/- mice are more susceptible to Escherichia coli urinary tract infection" 178 : 4717-4720, 2007

66 Takeuchi O, "Cutting edge: TLR2- deficient and MyD88-deficient mice are highly susceptible to Staphylococcus aureus infection" 165 : 5392-5396, 2000

67 Pålsson-McDermott EM, "Building an immune system from nine domains" 35 : 1437-1444, 2007

68 Goodridge HS, "Beta-glucan recognition by the innate immune system" 230 : 38-50, 2009

69 Lawley TD, "Antibiotic treatment of clostridium difficile carrier mice triggers a supershedder state, spore-mediated transmission, and severe disease in immunocompromised hosts" 77 : 3661-3669, 2009

70 Seol W, "An orphan nuclear hormone receptor that lacks a DNA binding domain and heterodimerizes with other receptors" 272 : 1336-1339, 1996

71 Bergers G, "Alternative promoter usage of the Fosresponsive gene Fit-1 generates mRNA isoforms coding for either secreted or membrane-bound proteins related to the IL-1 receptor" 13 : 1176-1188, 1994

72 Hemmi H, "A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA" 2000 : 740-745,