This article aims to examine the differences which lie within the orientalism by analysing the debate between the nineteenth century French thinkers, Tocqueville and Gobineau. In the spectrum ranging from the romantic to the colonial orientalism, it m...
This article aims to examine the differences which lie within the orientalism by analysing the debate between the nineteenth century French thinkers, Tocqueville and Gobineau. In the spectrum ranging from the romantic to the colonial orientalism, it may be concluded that Tocqueville is rather close to the colonial orientalism, while Gobineau`s to the the romantic one. Tocqueville considered the european world domination as Providence and their mission, which is typical of the colonialistic view. But, his liberalism prevented the european imperialist expansion from being permanent. The liberalism braked his orientalism. On the contrary, Gobineau, who believed in the racial superiority of the europeans, ironically refused to accept the europeans` colonialistic "mission and burden" lest the blood mix among races should deteriorate their civilization. Paradoxically this time, the racialism braked the colonialism. Both of the thinkers got worried that the individual liberty would be threatened in the mass society after the French Revolution. Nevertheless, Tocqueville thought that his age was the great era. But, Gobineau was pessimistic about his age. For him, the French Revolution was a sad event in which the noblesse, the superior race, descended definitely while the populace, the inferior race, ascended. Now, the european civilization appeared doomed to decline. Gobineau`s racialism that the inferior race always supercede the superior race is, therefore, a by-product of his time. Is it inevitable that the romantic orientalist becomes the colonial orientalist? Did the romantic orientalists conceal their colonialistic prejudices? Said is likely to regard both of them as the disguised colonialists. But the historical reality isn`t so simple. For we cannot neglect the force not only of the structure but of the events, such as the revolution of 1848, the defeat of the war of 1870. Just as Tocqueville was opposed to Gobineau`s fatalism to defend individual free will, so isn`t it necessary to refuse any inevitability? Though a racist, Gobineau remains a romantic orientalist, contrary to our expectation. An exceptional case, but isn`t it remarkable? The colonial orientalism fabricated "fictional differences". That is to say, it discriminated against other races and civilizations on the basis of the differences which were not real. This kind of orientalism should be overcome. But neither the systematic refusal to the orientalism nor the fabrication of the "occidentalism" is a proper alternative, because either way is nothing but the fabrication of another "otherness" and an "imaginary geography". Gunder Frank`s "ReOrientalism" is no other than the irrational cyclical vision. The nationalism merely reinforces the fictional differences. Epistemologically, it is impossible to exclude the subjectivism in perceiving the fact. For the reason, the orientalism will continue to be fabricated. If the crucial weakness of the orientalism is its inability to see the real orient, however, isn`t it time to attempt to see the orientalism itself as it is in order to revision it? That is why this article classifies the orientalism into the romantic and the colonial orientalism, and then distinguishes the one from the other. It goes without saying that this would not be able to reveal all the differences in it. But it is important to discern and describe "the real differences". To approach the fact is not only a raison d`être but a mission of the history. The purpose of this article is to emphasize it.