서울 방언 어두 폐쇄음의 후속모음 F0 = F0 as a primary cue for signaling word-initial stops of Seoul Korean

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Previous studies showed that the voice onset time (VOT) of aspirated and lenis stops has been merged, and post-stop fundamental frequency (F0) has emerged as a primary cue to distinguish the two stops in the younger generation and female speech. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that VOT merger in aspirated and lenis stops occurs after an F0 difference between the two stops becomes stabilized. In other words, unless post-stop F0, which is a redundant feature, is fully developed, it is hard for VOT merger to happen. Females have got a stable F0 difference in stops earlier than males. Therefore, VOT merger could happen, and as a result, females could take the lead in changing from VOT to F0 in initial stops. This study also shows that speakers who acquired F0 as a primary cue use F0 to the full to distinguish lenis stops from two other stops (aspirated and fortis).

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Abstract
• 1. 서론
• 2. 선행연구의 F0
• 3. 연구방법
• 4. 결과
• 5. 논의
• 6. 결론
• 참고문헌

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 이경희, "한국어 파열음의 음향적 특성과 지각 단서" 7 (7): 139-155, 2000

2 김지은, "노년층 파열음 발음의 재해석" 한국음성학회 7 (7): 139-145, 2015

3 조민하, "경상 방언과 서울 방언의 VOT 지속 시간에 대한 비교 연구" 대한음성학회 (46) : 1-11, 2003

4 Sjolander, K., "WaveSurfer. Version 1.8.8"

5 Abramson, A. S., "Voicing timing in Korean stops" 439-446, 1972

6 Kang, Y., "Voice onset time merger and development of tonal contrast in Seoul Korean stops: A corpus study" 45 : 76-90, 2014

7 Silva, D. J., "Variation in voice onset time for Korean stops : A case for recent sound change" 13 : 1-16, 2006

8 Kang, Y., "Tonogenesis in early contemporary Seoul Korean : A longitudinal case study" 134 : 62-74, 2013

9 Hombert, J. M., "Tone: A Linguistic Survey" Academic Press 77-111, 1978

10 Tang, K. E., "The phonology and phonetics of consonant-tone interaction" University of California 2008

11 Han, J., "The phonetics and phonology of"tense"and"plain"consonants in Korean" Cornell University 1996

12 Johnson, K., "The hyperspace effect : Phonetic targets are hyperarticulated" 69 : 505-528, 1993

13 Kim, M., "The contribution of consonantal and vocalic information to the perception of Korean initial stops" 30 : 77-100, 2002

14 Lindblom, B., "Speech Production and Speech Modelling" Kluwer Academic Publisher 403-439, 1990

15 Lee, H., "Speakers of tonal and non-tonal Korean dialects use different cue weightings in the perception of the three-way laryngeal stop contrast" 41 : 117-132, 2013

16 Boersma, P., "Praat: Doing phonetics by computer. Version 5. 4. 15" University of Amsterdam Phonetic Sciences

17 Lee, Y., "Phonetic realization of contrastive focus in Korean" Speech Prosody

18 Hombert, J. M., "Phonetic explanations for the development of tones" 55 : 37-58, 1979

19 공은정, "Perception of Korean stops with a three-way laryngeal contrast" 한국음성학회 4 (4): 13-20, 2012

20 Silva, D. J., "Pathways into Korean Language and Culture: Essays in Honor of Young-Key Kim-Renaud" Pagijong Press 447-469, 2002

21 Kim, C., "On the autonomy of the tensity feature in stop classification (with special reference to Korean stops)" 21 : 339-359, 1965

22 Ahn, H., "Laryngeal effects of stop consonants on neighboring vowels in /CV/ sequences in Korean" 9 : 47-60, 2000

23 Wright, J. D., "Laryngeal contrast in Seoul Korean" The University of Pennsylvania 2007

24 Moon, S., "Interaction between duration, context, and speaking style in English stressed vowels" 96 (96): 40-55, 1994

25 Uchanski, R. M., "Handbook of Speech Perception" Blackwell 207-235, 2008

26 강경호, "Generational Differences in the Perception of Korean Stops" 한국음성학회 2 (2): 3-10, 2010

27 Moon, S., "Formant understoot in clear and citation-form speech : A second progress report" 30 : 121-123, 1989

28 Lee, H., "Effects of tone on the three-way laryngeal distinction in Korean: An acoustic and aerodynamic comparison of the Seoul and South Kyungsang dialects" 42 (42): 145-169, 2012

29 Oh, E., "Effects of speaker gender on voice onset time in Korean stops" 39 : 59-67, 2011

30 Holliday, J., "Dialectal variation in the acoustic correlates of Korean stops" XVII : 878-881, 2011

31 Kim, M., "Correlation between VOT and F0 in the perception of Korean stops and affricates" 49-52, 2004

32 Kang, K., "Clear speech production of Korean stops: Changing phonetic targets and enhancement strategies" 124 (124): 3909-3917, 2008

33 Obata, J., "Acoustic features of Korean vowels and consonants" 6 (6): 379-403, 1932

34 Han, M. S., "Acoustic features of Korean /P, T, K/, /p, t, k/, /ph, th, kh/" 22 : 112-128, 1970

35 Silva, D. J., "Acoustic evidence for the emergence of tonal contrast in contemporary Korean" 23 : 287-308, 2006

36 Choi, H., "Acoustic cues for the Korean stop consonant-dialectal variation" 28 : 1-12, 2002

37 Cho, T., "Acoustic and aerodynamic correlates of Korean stops and fricatives" 30 : 193-228, 2002

38 Redford, M. A., "A question of scope? Direct comparison of clear and in-focus speech productions" 352-355, 2014

39 Kagaya, R., "A fiberscopic and acoustic study of the Korean stops, affricates and fricatives" 2 : 161-180, 1974

40 March 3, "A crosslinguistic study of prosodic focus" 4754-4758, 2016

41 Lisker, L., "A cross-language study of voicing in initial stops : Acoustical measurements" 20 : 384-422, 1964

42 Kim, M., ""Tense"and"Lax"stops in Korean" 13 : 59-104, 2004