This thesis focuses on the novels of Cho Sung-ki, Lim Chul-woo, and Lee Seung-u in the 1980s, examining the relationship in these works between the sacred and the profane through the lens of secularization. Although all three authors’ works were inf...
This thesis focuses on the novels of Cho Sung-ki, Lim Chul-woo, and Lee Seung-u in the 1980s, examining the relationship in these works between the sacred and the profane through the lens of secularization. Although all three authors’ works were influenced by secularization, they each embraced secularization differently, resulting in varied representations. Distinguishing itself from existing research, this thesis acknowledges the limitations of research focusing on the specific topic of “Christian literature” in Korean literature and attempts to discuss the relationship between Korean literature and Christianity from the broader perspective of “Korean literature and Christianity.” Previous research on literature in the 1980s treated the series of novels about Christianity in the 1980s as an isolated and independent mode that developed far from the history of Korean literature. Consequently, works addressing Christianity in the 1980s were not incorporated into the major trends of literary research in the 1980s and were only discussed in the context of individual authors or works, or as part of Christian literature theory separate from the broader literary history.
However, a considerable number of authors in the 1980s sought out various ways to incorporate social themes into their works. Reflecting the changes in the nature of Korean Christianity, which had undergone fundamental transformations under the influence of secularization from the 1960s to the 1980s, Korean authors in the 1980s strengthened the social character of their novels following the secularization within Korean Christianity. At the same time, they moved toward producing Christian literature that catered to the demands of the emerging Christian middle class that arose during the secularization process. For instance, works like Son of Man, Come Down to a Lower Place, Children of Darkness, and People in the Slum prominently featured the socialization of religion, moving away from its privatization. These novels achieved commercial success as bestsellers in the 1980s, a success that was driven not only by the numerical growth of Christians but also by the emergence of the Christian middle class. As the Christian middle class emerged as a new readership and audience, Christian literature was seen as a solution to overcome the crisis of the “fiction slump” that plagued the Korean literary scene in the early 1980s. Christian literature thus became a popular genre, requested and consumed by the Christian middle class.
This research analyzes the novels of Cho Sung-ki, Lim Chul-woo, and Lee Seung-u, which emerged against this backdrop. It can be said that these three authors represent a group of 1980s literature as they were recognized as prominent new writers with religious characteristics during that period. Additionally, all three authors, being Christians, produced novels that incorporated Christian themes, subjects, symbols, and allegories, demonstrating the intrinsic affinity between 1980s literature and Christianity. This thesis employs the typology of the sociology of religion as its methodology for reviewing these three authors. Although typology has the disadvantage of abstracting the denominational diversity of Christianity and eliminating detailed differences among denominations, it offers the advantage of providing a comprehensive perspective on Christianity. Therefore, by examining the novels of these three authors, this research aims to provide not only an overview of the relationship between Korean literature and Christianity in the 1980s but also a broad picture of Korean Christianity in the 1980s.
First, Chapter 2 examines Cho Sung-ki’s novels within the horizon of Christianity that values religious tradition over contemporary circumstances. Conservative Christianity, which prioritizes absolute truth, exhibits individualistic characteristics that emphasize soul salvation over reality reformation because it dualistically separates the sacred from the profane. To demonstrate how Cho’s novels attempt to break free from, yet remain entangled in, this conservative Christianity, his works are analyzed in connection with his experience in the campus missionary movement. Chapter 2 Section 1 clarifies the origins and nature of the campus missionary movement and explores how Cho’s novels both continue and diverge from the faith of these missionary organizations. His novels depict a group of university students who choose the campus missionary movement as a way to preserve their pride and honor without conforming to the trends of the times. Cho’s novels dealing with the campus missionary movement can be divided into two main categories. The first category expresses the perspective and inner world of insiders who could not break away from the missionary organizations. These works nostalgically recall the days of the missionary organizations while criticizing their faith for radically rejecting worldly matters and failing to provide solutions to real-world problems (“Season of Condolences,” Beyond the Sea of Reeds). The second category features retrospection (huildam) novels that maintain a certain distance from the missionary organizations and express disillusionment with the community movement. These works reveal that the campus missionary organizations and underground ideology circles share a similar structure in their approach to love and relationships and their methods of organization (Lahat Haheleb, Gilgal). Chapter 2 Section 2 examines Cho’s novels that depict a pluralistic situation where multiple religions coexist through protagonists who completely relativize (secularize) their Christian faith. On one hand, his works undergo a process of re-enchantment by invoking a secular and pagan world within the novel. On the other hand, they continue the tradition of confessional writing, where the self is given meaning through confession (Habiru’s Song, Gray Seminary, “Bulil Waterfall of Mt. Jiri”). This is because, outwardly, Cho’s novels follow the ecumenical principles that align with secular consciousness, but inwardly, they intentionally employ a conservative strategy of invoking the Christian tradition of soul salvation through the confession of sins. No matter how much they depict the secular world, Cho’s novels are not secularized in the true sense because they diagnose and seek solutions to the problems of modern society within conservative Christianity.
Chapter 3 examines Lim Chul-woo’s novels within the horizon of Christianity that values contemporary circumstances over religious tradition. Progressive Christianity, which seeks to adapt to modernity, assumes the unity of the sacred and the profane, thus affirming involvement in the world and transforming reality. To demonstrate the connection between Lim’s novels and the progressive Christianity that addresses history and reality, this chapter explores Lim’s existential circumstances and the religious meaning he put into his creative work, particularly within the network of the Gwangju movement circles and Gwangju Christianity. Chapter 3 Section 1 examines Lim and his associates within the relational network of the Gwangju movement circles and Gwangju Christianity to explore the potential connections of his novels to Christianity. In works dealing with retrospection on the May 18 Gwangju Uprising, Lim introduces characters modeled after real people who are unjustly pursued or suffer hardships, likening them to Abel. By expressing a “theology of suffering” that reveals the pain of “Abels of this era,” Lim’s novels question the violent reality and demand participation in the sound of Abel’s voice calling us from outside the gate (“Companion,” “Spring Day”). Through this, it becomes evident that Lim’s God is closer to an “absent God” encountered through the tragic atrocity of the May 18 Gwangju Uprising, rather than a God simply met through institutional churches. Chapter 3 Section 2 compares and analyzes the Gospel of Mark and Spring Day, noting that both the writer of the Gospel of Mark and Lim Chul-woo collected all memories, testimonies, and materials to historicize events distorted by the ruling class. Just as the Gospel of Mark, which was passed down by the ochlos (ὄχλος) to testify to the Jesus event, corrected the “ruling class’s rumors” that misrepresented Jesus, Lim’s novels, which aimed to testify to the truth of the May 18 Gwangju Uprising, rejected the “ruling class’s rumors” represented by the broadcast and supported the “rumors of the persecuted” (“Stillbirth of a Summer”). Additionally, just as the Gospel of Mark was established amid conflicts between the ochlos and church leaders, Lim’s novels became over-determined within the tension between intellectual-oriented and Minjung-oriented desires (Spring Day). Thus, by depicting a “religious” event that reveals divinity as the self-transcendence of the Minjung, Lim’s novels accurately capture history as a revelation. In this sense, while Lim’s novels deal with an entirely secular world, they conceal the sacred (transcendent) within that world.
Chapter 4 examines Lee Seung-u’s novels within the horizon of Christianity that seeks harmony between religious tradition and contemporary circumstances. Moderate Christianity, which aims to balance the truth and context, simultaneously calls for an orientation toward the transcendent world and an ethical responsibility to society. To demonstrate the connection between Lee’s novels and the characteristics of moderate Christianity, this chapter explores the involvement of secular theology in his works. Chapter 4 Section 1 argues that Lee’s novels adopt an open attitude toward the world, influenced by the theologies of Bonhoeffer and Tillich. Initially, while studying theology at Seoul Theological University, an institution favorable to the ecumenical movement, Lee was drawn to Bonhoeffer’s theology, which emphasizes the church’s social involvement. Influenced by Bonhoeffer’s theology, which views the spiritual and secular worlds as one in Christ, Lee’s novels reject the distinction between Christian and non-Christian elements (“A Portrait of Erysichthon 1,” “The Alchemist’s Dance”) and call for participation in the world rather than religious seclusion (“On the Prophet,” “The Nail”). However, after the 1987 regime, Lee relativizes Bonhoeffer’s theology and brings Tillich’s theology to the forefront. His novels secure the balance that Tillich’s theology aims for by featuring protagonists who mediate the tension between transcendence and history (“Alpine Zone,” “A Portrait of Erysichthon 2”). Chapter 4 Section 2 traces the process of how Lee’s novels leaned toward an ontological narrative as they integrated with Bultmann’s theology. Lee, who had been conscious of the social aspect of literature as he had written, embarked on a new endeavor that presented the issue of the father as an ontological task. His novels depict protagonists transitioning from inauthentic to authentic existence through reconciliation with their fathers. At this time, God, who enables reconciliation with the paternal figure, is depicted as an “invisible” presence obscured by something like a solar eclipse, and as a personal relationship responding to human existential questions (“About the Eclipse”). Above all, his novels implement Bultmann’s demythologization, interpreting the mythical world in modern terms—in other words, secularization—by making an encounter with God into an issue of emotion rather than one of religious language, and an issue of existence rather than one of ethics (The Reverse Side of Life). From this, it can be confirmed that Lee’s novels have undergone a process of sublation, preserving yet negating Christian elements.