민주주의와 성별정치학 = Democracy and Gendered Politics : Rethinking the Issues for and against Women's suffrage in Britain

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In 19th century Britain, Radicals believed that Democracy should be equipped with an electoral system based on universal suffrage, and a representative government supported by the majority of people through elections. The expansions of franchise for male citizens continued through the Reform Acts of 1832, 1867 and 1884, though the Chartist Movement(1838~1848) led by the working class bitterly failed. However, regardless of one"s class or any qualifications as a voter, women had been totally excluded from the national elections such as the Parliamentary Franchise until the end of World War I. It was justified by the theory of separate spheres between the Man and the Woman. The franchise was a gender-based notion from the beginning in modern Britain.
Among various variables that called for disqualifications in terms of the franchise, the gender barrier persisted longer than any other factors. When votes were granted to men of 21 and above, and women of 30 and above, in 1918, the right to vote was still denied to young women. Unlike men of the same age, young women were considered politically and intellectually incompetent. In 1928, men and women of 21 and above finally got the equal right. Thereafter, fierce arguments against women"s suffrage disappeared as they no longer had any convincing logic.
By using the term of gender, we can reexamine the effects of distinguishing women from men through humankind"s history. The development of the modern state was based on the unequal distribution of power among genders as well as classes or races. But the ideal concept of "maleness" is far from fulfilling for most men in reality. The debates for and against women"s suffrage show us inconsistent features of British society"s political topography. There were some Liberal M.P.s who introduced Women"s Suffrage bills or supported Women"s Cause since John Stuart Mill"s Bill in 1867. Nevertheless, Liberal Party constantly hesitated to adopt women"s suffrage as a party platform. On the other hand, though Conservatives were accused of male chauvinism, women volunteers in Conservative Party played key roles after 1890s. Women could support Liberals or Conservatives or Labour candidates for any reasons. A few women even went so far as to refute Women"s Suffrage. As voters, women did or do not act as a unified group. Butonce women are categorized as "Woman" and excluded from citizenship because of that, just like women of the nineteenth century Britain, they might begin to recognize themselves as a gender and start to ally in the name of Woman again.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 머리말
• 1. 영국의 선거법개혁과 남성보통선거권 확대
• 2. 여성참정권운동의 전개와 쟁점
• 3. 정당정치와 참정권
• 맺음말
• 참고문헌
• 〈Abstract〉

참고문헌 (Reference)

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2 김택현, "차티스트운동 , 좌절한 혁명에서 실현된 역사로" 책세상 2008

3 이태숙, "존 스튜어트 밀의 의회론" 영국사학회 9 : 79-105, 2003

4 이남희, "젠더, 몸, 정치적 권리 - 영국여성 참정권 운동가의 이미지분석 -" 영국사학회 (24) : 179-210, 2010

5 박지향, "영국사: 보수와 개혁의 드라마" 까치 2007

6 이영석, "영국 제국의 초상" 푸른역사 2009

7 홍석민, "영국 의회와 복수 선거권의 폐지, 1948 －미완의 민주주의－" 한국서양사학회 (105) : 169-199, 2010

8 홍석민, "영국 의회와 ‘왈가닥 유권자’의 형성과 해체 - 잊혀진 차별 속의 차별화된 범주, 1918-28 -" 영국사학회 (21) : 175-210, 2009

9 윤성현, "영국 보통선거제도의 과거와 현재-선거법 개정의 역사와 현행 국민대표법을 중심으로-, 2009 세계법제 연구보고서" 법제처 2009

10 홍석민, "영국 '청춘 선거권(Y vote, 18-20세)'의 기반, 1969 - 정신적 성숙도와 정치적 의도 -" 영국사학회 22 (22): 223-250, 2009

11 이남희, "여성의 삶과 문화" 한국방송통신대학교 출판부 2011

12 최재인, "아름다운 외출 : 페미니즘, 그 상상과 실천의 역사" 삼천리 2012

13 이태숙, "근대영국헌정: 역사와 담론" 한길사 2013

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16 李泰淑, "W. 배저트의 영국 헌정론: 빅토리아기의 보수주의?" 역사학회 174 : 229-262, 2002

17 Pugh, Martin, "The Pankhursts : The History of One Radical Family (paperback edition)" Random House 2008

18 John, Angela J., "The Men’s Share; Masculinities, Male Support and Women’s Suffrage in Britain 1890~1920" Routledge 1997

19 Pugh, Martin, "The March of Women : A Revisionist Analysis of the Campaign for Women's Suffrage, 1866~1914" Oxford University Pres 2002

20 Smith, Harold L., "The British Women's Suffrage Campaign, 1866-1928 (2nd edition)" Longman 2007

21 Harrison, Brian, "Separate Spheres : The Opposition to Women’s Suffrage in Britain" Croom Helm 1978

22 Robert, Matthew, "Popular Conservatism in Britain, 1832~1914" 26 : 2007

23 Liddington, Jill, "One Hand Tied Behind Us : Rise of the Women's Suffrage Movement" Rivers Oram Press 1978

24 Joannou, Maroula, "Mary Augusta Ward and the Opposition to Women’s Suffrage" 14 (14): 2005

25 Holton, Sandra, "Feminism and Democracy: Women's Suffrage and Reform Politics in Britain, 1900~1918 (paperback edition)" University of Cambridge Press 2002

26 Liddington, Jill, "Era of Commemoration: Celebrating the Suffrage Centenary" (59) : 2005

27 Banks, Olive, "Becoming a Feminists" Wheatsheaf Books Ltd. 1986

28 Liddington, Jill, "'Women do not count, neither shall they be counted': Suffrage, Citizenship and the Battle for the 1911 Census" 71 : 2011

29 Cowman, Krista, "'Incipient Toryism'? The Women's Social and Political Union and the Independent Labour Party, 1903~14" (53) : 2002

30 Rose Sonya O., "'Fit to Fight but Not to Vote?' Masculinity and Citizenship in Britain, 1832~1918, In Negotiating Citizenship: Concepts and Representations of Masculinity in Creation of Modern Wstern Political Culture" Palgrave/Macmillan 2007