Criminology : a sociological understanding

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• PREFACE = xix
• ABOUT THE AUTHOR = xxiii
• PART Ⅰ : UNDERSTANDING CRIME AND VICTIMIZATION
• 1 CRIMINOLOGY AND THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE = 1
• The Sociological Perspective = 3
• The Mutual Relevance of Sociology and Criminology = 5
• The Rise of Sociological Criminology = 6
• Consensus and Conflict in the Creation of Criminal Law = 8
• Research Methodology in Criminology = 9
• Types of Research = 9
• Criteria of Causality = 12
• An Overview of Criminal Law = 13
• Legal Distinctions in Types of Crime = 14
• Criminal Intent = 15
• Legal Defenses to Criminal Liability = 15
• Summary and Conclusion = 17
• Key Terms = 17
• Study Questions = 18
• Internet Exercises = 18
• 2 PUBLIC OPINION, THE NEWS MEDIA, AND THE CRIME PROBLEM = 20
• Public Opinion and Public Policy = 22
• The Accuracy of Public Beliefs about Crime and Criminal Justice = 24
• The News Media and Public Opinion on Crime = 25
• Overdramatization of Crime in the News Media = 27
• A Brief Look Back = 28
• Crime Myths = 29
• The Effects of Media Coverage = 32
• CRIME AND CONTROVERSY : MEDIA COVERAGE OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN = 33
• Research on Public Attitudes about Crime and Punishment = 34
• Fear of Crime = 34
• INTERNATIONAL FOCUS : PERCEPTIONS OF CRIME AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN CANADA = 35
• The Seriousness of Crime = 41
• Attitudes toward the Punishment of Criminals = 43
• Summary and Conclusion = 45
• Key Terms = 46
• Study Questions = 46
• Internet Exercises = 47
• 3 THE MEASUREMENT AND PATTERNING OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR = 48
• Measuring Crime = 50
• The Uniform Crime Reports(UCR) = 50
• The National Crime Victimization Survey(NCVS) = 56
• Self-Report Studies = 59
• Evaluating UCR, NCVS, and Self-Report Data = 61
• Recent Trends in U.S. Crime Rates = 61
• The Patterning of Criminal Behavior = 63
• Geographical Patterns = 63
• INTERNATIONAL FOCUS : MEASURING CRIME IN OTHER NATIONS = 64
• Seasonal and Climatological Variations = 64
• Social Patterns of Criminal Behavior = 65
• Gender and Crime = 65
• Race and Crime = 69
• Class and Crime = 71
• Age and Crime = 73
• Chronic Offenders and Criminal Careers = 74
• CRIME AND CONTROVERSY : CRIMINAL POTENTIAL AND LIFE EVENTS AFTER CHILDHOOD = 75
• Summary and Conclusion = 76
• Key Terms = 77
• Study Questions = 77
• Internet Exercises = 77
• 4 VICTIMS AND VICTIMIZATION = 78
• Defining Victims and Studying Victimization = 80
• The Patterning of Victimization = 82
• Geographical Patterns = 82
• Social Patterns = 83
• INTERNATIONAL FOCUS : CROSS-NATIONAL VICTIMIZATION PATTERNS = 85
• The Victim-Offender Relationship = 88
• Crime Characteristics = 90
• Intimate Violence = 91
• Explaining Victimization = 93
• Lifestyle and Routine Activities Theory = 94
• Deviant Lifestyles and Victimization = 95
• Physical Proximity and Victimization = 96
• Explaining Demographic Variation in Victimization = 96
• The Issue of Victim Precipitation = 96
• The Costs and Consequences of Victimization = 98
• Economic and Medical Costs and Consequences = 98
• Psychological Consequences = 99
• Victims in the Criminal Justice System = 100
• Victimization by White-Collar Crime = 101
• Victimization of the Homeless = 102
• CRIME AND CONTROVERSY : THE POLITICS OF VICTIMIZATION = 102
• Summary and Conclusion = 103
• Key Terms = 104
• Study Questions = 105
• Internet Exercises = 105
• PART Ⅱ : EXPLAINING CRIME
• 5 EXPLAINING CRIME : EMPHASIS ON THE INDIVIDUAL = 106
• From Theology to Science = 110
• Gods and Demons as Causes of Crime and Deviance = 110
• The Age of Reason = 110
• The Classical School of Criminology = 111
• The Rise of Positivism = 114
• Biological Explanations = 115
• Phrenology = 115
• Cesare Lombroso : Atavism = 115
• Earnest Hooton : Biological Inferiority = 117
• William Sheldon : Body Shapes = 118
• Family, Heredity, and Genes = 119
• Neurochemical Mechanisms = 122
• Diet and Nutrition = 125
• Pregnancy and Birth Complications = 126
• CRIME AND CONTROVERSY : RACE AND BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH = 127
• Critique of Biological Explanations = 128
• Psychological Explanations = 130
• Psychoanalytic Explanations = 130
• Moral Development and Crime = 131
• Intelligence and Crime = 132
• Personality and Crime = 133
• Critique of Psychological Explanations = 135
• INTERNATIONAL FOCUS : PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN NEW ZEALAND = 136
• Summary and Conclusion = 138
• Key Terms = 140
• Study Questions = 140
• Internet Exercises = 140
• 6 SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES : EMPHASIS ON SOCIAL STRUCTURE = 142
• The Legacy of Durkheim = 145
• Social Disorganization and Social Ecology = 146
• Clifford R. Shaw and Henry D. McKay = 148
• Critique of Social Disorganization Theory = 149
• The Revival of Social Disorganization Theory = 149
• Other Ecological Work = 150
• INTERNATIONAL FOCUS : CRIME RATES RISE AS NORMS BREAK DOWN = 151
• Anomie／Strain Theory = 155
• Critique of Anomie Theory = 157
• Defense and Extension of Anomie Theory = 159
• General Strain Theory = 160
• CRIME AND CONTROVERSY : CRIME IN FAMILIES : SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT OR BIOLOGICAL PROBLEM? = 161
• Subcultural Theories = 162
• Albert K. Cohen : School Failure and Delinquent Subcultures = 162
• Walter B. Miller : Focal Concerns = 164
• Marvin Wolfgang and Franco Ferracuti : The Subculture of Violence = 166
• Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin : Differential Opportunity Theory = 167
• Structural Theories and Gender = 168
• Summary and Conclusion = 169
• Key Terms = 170
• Study Questions = 171
• Internet Exercises = 171
• 7 SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES : EMPHASIS ON SOCIAL PROCESS = 172
• Learning Theories = 174
• Edwin H. Sutherland : Differential Association Theory = 175
• CRIME AND CONTROVERSY : DELINQUENT PEERS AND DELINQUENCY : THE CAUSAL ORDER DEBATE = 179
• Other Learning Theories = 180
• Control Theories = 182
• Walter Reckless : Containment Theory = 183
• Gresham M. Sykes and David Matza : Neutralization and Drift Theory = 184
• Travis Hirschi : Social Control Theory = 187
• INTERNATIONAL FOCUS : SOCIAL BONDING AND CRIME IN JAPAN = 188
• Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi : Self-Control Theory = 197
• Integrating Social Process and Structural Explanations = 199
• Summary and Conclusion = 202
• Key Terms = 203
• Study Questions = 203
• Internet Exercises = 203
• 8 SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES : CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES = 204
• Labeling Theory = 207
• The Relativist Definition of Crime and Deviance = 207
• The Imposition of the Deviant Label = 207
• The Negative Consequences of Labeling = 209
• Critique of Labeling Theory = 212
• Revising and Renewing Labeling Theory = 213
• CRIME AND CONTROVERSY : HOW SHOULD WE DEAL WITH JUVENILE OFFENDERS? = 214
• Conflict and Radical Theories = 216
• Consensus and Conflict Perspectives in Sociology = 216
• Conflict Perspectives in Criminology = 217
• Radical Theories in Criminology = 219
• INTERNATIONAL FOCUS : CRIME AND THE ECONOMY IN CHINA AND VIETNAM = 220
• Feminist Theories = 227
• Feminist Perspectives in Criminology = 227
• The Scope of Feminist Theory and Research = 229
• Developments in Feminist Criminology = 231
• A Final Word on Feminism = 233
• Summary and Conclusion = 233
• Key Terms = 235
• Study Questions = 235
• Internet Exercises = 235
• PART Ⅲ : CRIMINAL BEHAVIORS
• 9 VIOLENT CRIME : HOMICIDE, ASSAULT, AND ROBBERY = 236
• Homicide and Assault = 238
• Defining Homicide and Assault = 238
• The Patterning and Social Dynamics of Homicide = 239
• Trends in U.S. Homicide Rates = 242
• Explaining Homicide and Assault = 245
• INTERNATIONAL FOCUS : WHY IS CANADA LESS VIOLENT THAN THE UNITED STATES? = 246
• CRIME AND CONTROVERSY : USING VIOLENCE TO STOP VIOLENCE = 252
• Mass Media and Violence = 253
• Robbery = 255
• Defining Robbery = 255
• The Extent, Patterning, and Costs of Robbery = 255
• Types of Robbers = 258
• Explaining Robbery = 258
• Carjackings = 258
• Workplace Violence = 260
• Guns and Gun Control = 260
• The Extent and Distribution of Guns = 261
• The Use of Handguns in Violent Crime = 261
• Do Handguns Deter or Promote Violent Crime? = 262
• The Effectiveness of Gun Control = 264
• The Effectiveness of Tougher Penalties for Handgun Crimes = 265
• Reducing Violent Crime = 266
• What History Tells Us = 266
• Summary and Conclusion = 268
• Key Terms = 268
• Study Questions = 268
• Internet Exercises = 269
• 10 VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND CHILDREN = 270
• Violence against Women = 272
• An International Problem = 273
• INTERNATIONAL FOCUS : DOWRY DEATHS IN INDIA AND PAKISTAN = 273
• Defining Rape and Battering = 274
• The Extent of Rape and Battering = 275
• The Social Patterning of Rape and Battering = 278
• Explaining Rape and Battering = 280
• The Issue of Husband Battering = 285
• Reducing Violence against Women = 286
• CRIME AND CONTROVERSY : IS A WOMAN'S SEXUAL PAST RELEVANT IN A RAPE CASE? = 288
• Violence against Children : Physical and Sexual Abuse = 290
• Defining Child Physical and Sexual Abuse = 291
• The Extent of Physical and Sexual Abuse = 291
• The Patterning of Physical and Sexual Abuse = 293
• Explaining Child Abuse = 294
• Reducing Child Abuse = 296
• Summary and Conclusion = 296
• Key Terms = 297
• Study Questions = 297
• Internet Exercises = 297
• 11 PROPERTY CRIME = 298
• Defining Property Crime = 300
• The Extent of Property Crime = 301
• The Patterning of Property Crime = 302
• The Social Organization of Property Crime = 305
• Burglary = 306
• Property Crime Victimization : Costs and Circumstances = 308
• INTERNATIONAL FOCUS : PROPERTY CRIME IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND = 309
• Forgery and Fraud = 310
• Check Forgery and Credit Card Fraud = 311
• Coupon Fraud = 311
• Welfare and Tax Fraud = 311
• Insurance Fraud = 312
• Explaining Property Crime = 313
• Cultural Emphasis on Economic Success = 313
• Techniques of Neutralization = 314
• Economic Deprivation and Unemployment = 315
• Routine Activities and Social Process Factors = 316
• Property Crime for Thrills = 316
• A Look at Shoplifting and Arson = 317
• Reducing Property Crime = 319
• CRIME AND CONTROVERSY : TARGET HARDENING : IS INCREASED SECURITY WORTH THE PRICE? = 320
• Summary and Conclusion = 321
• Key Terms = 322
• Study Questions = 322
• Internet Exercises = 323
• 12 WHITE-COLLAR CRIME = 324
• Defining White-Collar Crime = 326
• Edwin Sutherland and White-Collar Crime = 327
• Conceptual Problems in Defining White-Collar Crime = 328
• Contemporary Views = 329
• Occupational Crime : Lawbreaking for Personal Gain = 330
• Employee Theft : Pilferage and Embezzling = 330
• Collective Embezzlement in the Savings and Loan Industry = 332
• Fraud in the Professions = 332
• Health-Care Fraud = 333
• Financial Fraud = 336
• Police and Political Corruption : Violations of Public Trust = 337
• Organizational Criminality and Corporate Crime = 338
• Corporate Financial Crime = 339
• Corporate Violence : Threats to Health and Safety = 342
• CRIME AND CONTROVERSY : DID TOBACCO COMPANIES LIE TO CONSUMERS? = 343
• INTERNATIONAL FOCUS : PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY "DUMPING" IN THE THIRD WORLD = 348
• The Economic and Human Costs of White-Collar Crime = 350
• Explaining White-Collar Crime = 351
• Reducing White-Collar Crime = 354
• Summary and Conclusion = 355
• Key Terms = 356
• Study Questions = 357
• Internet Exercises = 357
• 13 POLITICAL CRIME = 358
• Defining Political Crime = 360
• Crime by Government = 362
• Political Repression and Human Rights Violations = 362
• INTERNATIONAL FOCUS : HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES IN NIGERIA = 365
• Unethical or Illegal Experimentation = 372
• State-Corporate Crime = 373
• Political Corruption = 375
• Hate Crime = 377
• Crime against Government = 379
• Mass Political Violence : Rebellion, Riots, Terrorism = 380
• Civil Disobedience = 386
• CRIME AND CONTROVERSY : BLOOD AND HAMMERS AGAINST NUCLEAR WEAPONS = 390
• Espionage and Treason = 390
• Explaining and Reducing Political Crime = 392
• The Social Patterning of Political Crime = 392
• Reducing Political Crime = 393
• Summary and Conclusion = 394
• Key Terms = 395
• Study Questions = 395
• Internet Exercises = 395
• 14 PUBLIC ORDER CRIME AND ORGANIZED CRIME = 396
• Overview of the Public Order Crime Debate = 398
• Illegal Drug Use = 399
• Drug Use in History = 400
• Contemporary U.S. Drug Use = 401
• Explaining Illegal Drug Use = 405
• The Drugs-Crime Connection = 408
• The Legalization Debate = 410
• Harm Reduction and Drug Courts = 416
• Sexual Offenses : Prostitution and Pornography = 417
• Prostitution = 417
• Pornography = 419
• CRIME AND CONTROVERSY : SHOULD PROSTITUTION BE LEGALIZED? = 420
• Gambling = 424
• Organized Crime = 426
• History of Organized Crime = 426
• The Alien Conspiracy Model and Myth = 428
• INTERNATIONAL FOCUS : THE GLOBALIZATION OF PUBLIC ORDER CRIME AND ORGANIZED CRIME = 429
• Reducing Public Order Crime and Organized Crime = 430
• Summary and Conclusion = 432
• Key Terms = 432
• Study Questions = 432
• Internet Exercises = 433
• PART Ⅳ : CONTROLLING AND PREVENTING CRIME
• 15 POLICING : DILEMMAS OF CRIME CONTROL IN A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY = 434
• Crime Control in a Democratic Society = 437
• The Ideal of Blind Justice = 438
• A Preview of the Discussion = 439
• The Development of the Modern Police Force = 439
• Working Personality and Police Behavior = 441
• Police Misconduct : Brutality = 443
• Police Misconduct : Corruption = 447
• Police Scandals = 448
• INTERNATIONAL FOCUS : POLICE AND POLICING IN JAPAN = 449
• Police Discretion : To Arrest or Not to Arrest? = 449
• Race, Ethnicity, and Arrest = 450
• Gender and Arrest = 455
• The Impact of Policing on Crime = 457
• Do Additional Police Deter Crime? = 457
• Does Arrest Make a Difference? = 460
• CRIME AND CONTROVERSY : THE 1990s' DROP IN URBAN CRIME : A RESULT OF "ZERO-TOLERANCE" POLICING? = 461
• Community Policing : Real Promise or False Hope? = 463
• Legal Technicalities and Police Effectiveness = 463
• The Impact of Policing on Crime, Revisited = 464
• Women and People of Color in Police Forces = 466
• Summary and Conclusion = 468
• Key Terms = 468
• Study Questions = 469
• Internet Exercises = 469
• 16 PROSECUTION AND PUNISHMENT = 470
• Criminal Courts and the Adversary System = 472
• Prosecutors, the Courtroom Work Group, and Plea Bargaining = 474
• Punishment, Social Structure, and Inequality = 476
• Social Class and Legal Outcomes = 478
• The Impact of Race and Ethnicity = 480
• Gender and Sentencing = 490
• INTERNATIONAL FOCUS : PUNISHING CRIMINALS IN DENMARK AND THE NETHERLANDS = 491
• The Impact of Punishment on Crime = 492
• CRIME AND CONTROVERSY : "THREE STRIKES AND YOU'RE OUT" LEGISLATION = 494
• The Evidence against a Deterrent Effect = 495
• The Death Penalty Debate = 497
• The Cost of the Death Penalty = 497
• General Deterrence and the Death Penalty = 498
• Arbitrariness and Racial Discrimination in the Death Penalty's Application = 499
• The Quality of Legal Representation of Capital Defendants = 501
• Wrongful Executions = 502
• Summary and Conclusion = 503
• Key Terms = 504
• Study Questions = 504
• Internet Exercises = 505
• 17 CONCLUSION : HOW CAN WE REDUCE CRIME? = 506
• The Criminal Justice System "Funnel" = 508
• A Sociological Prescription for Crime Reduction = 511
• Social, Cultural, and Community Crime Prevention(Primary Prevention) = 512
• Developmental Crime Prevention(Secondary Prevention) = 515
• Criminal Justice Approaches(Tertiary Prevention) = 517
• Summary and Conclusion = 520
• Key Terms = 521
• Study Questions = 521
• Internet Exercises = 521
• GLOSSARY = 522
• REFERENCES = 529
• PHOTO CREDITS = 574
• NAME INDEX = 575
• SUBJECT INDEX = 585