Recent development in the green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using plant-based biomolecules for environmental and antimicrobial applications

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Nanoparticles (NPs) have properties for potential applications in different areas but their conventionalproduction processes are often linked to secondary health and environmental impacts. Aggressiveresearch endeavors are being undertaken to identify greener NPs synthesis strategies. Green synthesis isan evolving area with the objective of an efficient and environmental friendly development of NPs.
Biological substances including bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae, and plant have been demonstrated to beapplicable for the synthesis of TiO2 NPs. This work is dedicated to phyto-based biosynthesis of TiO2 NPs.
Biomolecules in plants such as terpenoids,flavones, ketones, aldehydes, proteins, amino acids, vitamins,alkaloids, tannins, phenolics, saponins, and polysaccharides can play vital roles as a reducing, cappingand stabilizing agent in the formation of TiO2 NPs. A systemic comparison is made with the focus on thebioreduction ability of different plant extracts to produce specific TiO2. Important results of applicableinstrumentation techniques for characterizing the TiO2 NPs are also elucidated to identify the superiorqualities of the NPs. Moreover, photocatalytic and antimicrobial applications of the phytosynthesizedTiO2 NPs are also critically discussed. The main scopes are the current status of plant- assistedbiosynthesis of TiO2 NPs and future prospects of this promising area of research.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 K. G. Rao, 2 (2): 28-, 2015

2 A. R. Pai, 7 : 459-, 2015

3 V. Patidar, 4 : 470-, 2017

4 P. Kantheti, 6 : 670-, 2018

5 R. P. Chauhan, 1 (1): 6-, 2012

6 V. V. Makarov, 6 : 35-, 2014

7 I. P. Pandey, 1 : 2167-, 2012

8 S.P. Peddi, IOP Publishing Series 92 : 012004-, 2015

9 R. D. A. Jalill, 49 (49): 204-, 2016

10 Z. Madadi, 2 (2): 26-, 2016

11 P. Saravanan, 7 (7): 158-, 2016

12 A. Nithya, 3 (3): 169-, 2013

13 K. G. Rao, 2 (2): 28-, 2015

14 K. G. Rao, 2 (2): 82-, 2015

15 R. Dobrucka, 16 : 756-, 2017

16 G. Shimpi, 6 (6): 29-, 2016

17 M. Sundrarajan, 8 : 447-, 2011

18 A. Maurya, 1 (1): 2012

19 A. Chatterjee, 9 (9): 1-, 2016

20 C. Malarkodi, 4 (4): 59-, 2013

21 W. Niu, 10 : 2613-, 2015

22 R. Vijayalakshmi, 4 (4): 1183-, 2012

23 A. Mehrizad, 2 : 145-, 2009

24 H. Kaur, 6 : 095034-, 2019

25 I. G. Babu, 5 (5): 69-, 2016

26 Ambika S., "[EMIM] BF4 ionic liquid-mediated synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using Vitex negundo Linn extract and its antibacterial activity" Elsevier BV 221 : 986-992, 2016

27 Tomasz Puzyn, "Using nano-QSAR to predict the cytotoxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 6 (6): 175-178, 2011

28 Anna Kubacka, "Understanding the antimicrobial mechanism of TiO2-based nanocomposite films in a pathogenic bacterium" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 4 (4): 4134-, 2015

29 Anna Kubacka, "Understanding the antimicrobial mechanism of TiO2-based nanocomposite films in a pathogenic bacterium" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 4 (4): 4134-, 2015

30 Renu Sankar, "Ultra-rapid photocatalytic activity of Azadirachta indica engineered colloidal titanium dioxide nanoparticles" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 5 (5): 731-736, 2015

31 Renu Sankar, "Ultra-rapid photocatalytic activity of Azadirachta indica engineered colloidal titanium dioxide nanoparticles" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 5 (5): 731-736, 2015

32 Renu Sankar, "Ultra-rapid photocatalytic activity of Azadirachta indica engineered colloidal titanium dioxide nanoparticles" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 5 (5): 731-736, 2015

33 Renu Sankar, "Ultra-rapid photocatalytic activity of Azadirachta indica engineered colloidal titanium dioxide nanoparticles" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 5 (5): 731-736, 2015

34 Xiaojia He, "Toxicity of engineered nanomaterials mediated by nano–bio–eco interactions" Informa UK Limited 36 (36): 21-42, 2018

35 Xiaojia He, "Toxicity of engineered metal oxide nanomaterials mediated by nano–bio–eco–interactions: a review and perspective" Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) 2 (2): 564-582, 2015

36 Jennifer A. Dahl, "Toward Greener Nanosynthesis" American Chemical Society (ACS) 107 (107): 2228-2269, 2007

37 Akira Fujishima, "Titanium dioxide photocatalysis" Elsevier BV 1 (1): 1-21, 2000

38 Hongbo Shi, "Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: a review of current toxicological data" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 10 (10): 15-, 2013

39 Jing Bai, "Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials for Sensor Applications" American Chemical Society (ACS) 114 (114): 10131-10176, 2014

40 Oxana V. Kharissova, "The greener synthesis of nanoparticles" Elsevier BV 31 (31): 240-248, 2013

41 Thenner S. Rodrigues, "Synthesis, characterization and catalytic potential of MgNiO2 nanoparticles obtained from a novel [MgNi(opba)] ·9nH2O chain" Elsevier BV 42 (42): 13635-13641, 2016

42 Michael C. Moulton, "Synthesis, characterization and biocompatibility of “green” synthesized silver nanoparticles using tea polyphenols" Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) 2 (2): 763-, 2010

43 Subbiah Poopathi, "Synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Azadirachta indica—a most effective method for mosquito control" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 22 (22): 2956-2963, 2015

44 Amit Kumar Mittal, "Synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant extracts" Elsevier BV 31 (31): 346-356, 2013

45 E. C. da Silva, "Synthesis of colloids based on gold nanoparticles dispersed in castor oil" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 10 (10): 201-208, 2008

46 D.S. Sheny, "Synthesis characterization and catalytic action of hexagonal gold nanoparticles using essential oils extracted from Anacardium occidentale" Elsevier BV 97 : 306-310, 2012

47 Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh, "Synthesis and characterization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Euphorbia heteradena Jaub root extract and evaluation of their stability" Elsevier BV 41 (41): 14435-14439, 2015

48 Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh, "Synthesis and characterization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Euphorbia heteradena Jaub root extract and evaluation of their stability" Elsevier BV 41 (41): 14435-14439, 2015

49 Nidhi Sahu, "Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Cynodon dactylon leaves and assessment of their antibacterial activity" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 36 (36): 999-1004, 2013

50 Govindasamy Rajakumar, "Solanum trilobatum extract-mediated synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles to control Pediculus humanus capitis, Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and Anopheles subpictus" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 113 (113): 469-479, 2014

51 Muhammad Ali, "Selected hepatoprotective herbal medicines: Evidence from ethnomedicinal applications, animal models, and possible mechanism of actions" Wiley 32 (32): 199-215, 2018

52 E. A. Bell, "Secondary plant products, Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology" Springer-Verlag 1980

53 Gasmi Mohamed Reda, "Room-temperature solid state synthesis of Co 3 O 4 /ZnO p–n heterostructure and its photocatalytic activity" Elsevier BV 28 (28): 953-963, 2017

54 S. P. Suriyaraj, "Room temperature biosynthesis of crystalline TiO2 nanoparticles using Bacillus licheniformis and studies on the effect of calcination on phase structure and optical properties" Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) 4 (4): 39619-39624, 2014

55 Muhammad Ovais, "Role of plant phytochemicals and microbial enzymes in biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 102 (102): 6799-6814, 2018

56 S.U. Ganaie, "Rapid and green synthesis of bimetallic Au–Ag nanoparticles using an otherwise worthless weed Antigonon leptopus" Informa UK Limited 11 (11): 395-417, 2015

57 Amit Kumar Mittal, "Quercetin and gallic acid mediated synthesis of bimetallic (silver and selenium) nanoparticles and their antitumor and antimicrobial potential" Elsevier BV 431 : 194-199, 2014

58 Sankar Narayan Sinha, "Phytosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles UsingAndrographis paniculataLeaf Extract and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial Activities" Informa UK Limited 48 (48): 600-604, 2015

59 Subramanian Senthilkumar, "Phytosynthesis and Characterization of TiO2 Nanoparticles using Diospyros ebenum Leaf Extract and their Antibacterial and Photocatalytic Degradation of Crystal Violet" Informa UK Limited 6 (6): 1-9, 2018

60 Rajesh Warluji Raut, "Photosensitized synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Withania somnifera leaf powder and silver nitrate" Elsevier BV 132 : 45-55, 2014

61 Manoj Lazar, "Photocatalytic Water Treatment by Titanium Dioxide: Recent Updates" MDPI AG 2 (2): 572-601, 2012

62 Chamila Jayasinghe, "Phenolics Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)" American Chemical Society (ACS) 51 (51): 4442-4449, 2003

63 Amr E. Edris, "Pharmaceutical and therapeutic Potentials of essential oils and their individual volatile constituents: a review" Wiley 21 (21): 308-323, 2007

64 B. S. Zou, "Optical Properties of Amorphous ZnO, CdO, and PbO Nanoclusters in Solution" American Chemical Society (ACS) 11 (11): 3037-3043, 1999

65 Sundrarajan M., "Obtaining titanium dioxide nanoparticles with spherical shape and antimicrobial properties using M. citrifolia leaves extract by hydrothermal method" Elsevier BV 171 : 117-124, 2017

66 Vardan Galstyan, "Nanostructured ZnO chemical gas sensors" Elsevier BV 41 (41): 14239-14244, 2015

67 Roubeena Jeetah, "Nanopharmaceutics: Phytochemical-Based Controlled or Sustained Drug-Delivery Systems for Cancer Treatment" American Scientific Publishers 10 (10): 1810-1840, 2014

68 C. N. R. Rao, "Nanomaterials Chemistry: Recent Developments and New Directions" Wiley Weinheim 2007

69 Muhammad Ovais, "Multifunctional theranostic applications of biocompatible green-synthesized colloidal nanoparticles" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 102 (102): 4393-4408, 2018

70 Hesham R. El-Seedi, "Metal nanoparticles fabricated by green chemistry using natural extracts: biosynthesis, mechanisms, and applications" Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) 9 (9): 24539-24559, 2019

71 Jung Kyu Kim, "Lysozyme-mediated biomineralization of titanium–tungsten oxide hybrid nanoparticles with high photocatalytic activity" Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) 50 (50): 12392-12395, 2014

72 P.S.Anil Kumar, "Low temperature synthesis of Ni0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 powder and its characterization" Elsevier BV 27 (27): 293-296, 1996

73 Fabiano Piccinno, "Industrial production quantities and uses of ten engineered nanomaterials in Europe and the world" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 14 (14): 1109-, 2012

74 Maowen Xu, "Hydrothermal Synthesis and Pseudocapacitance Properties of α-MnO2 Hollow Spheres and Hollow Urchins" American Chemical Society (ACS) 111 (111): 19141-19147, 2007

75 James E. Hutchison, "Greener Nanoscience: A Proactive Approach to Advancing Applications and Reducing Implications of Nanotechnology" American Chemical Society (ACS) 2 (2): 395-402, 2008

76 Thirunavukkarasu Santhoshkumar, "Green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Psidium guajava extract and its antibacterial and antioxidant properties" Medknow 7 (7): 968-976, 2014

77 Thirunavukkarasu Santhoshkumar, "Green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Psidium guajava extract and its antibacterial and antioxidant properties" Medknow 7 (7): 968-976, 2014

78 B.K. Thakur, "Green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Azadirachta indica leaf extract and evaluation of their antibacterial activity" Elsevier BV 124 : 223-227, 2019

79 Waseem Ahmad, "Green synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles by using Mentha arvensis leaves extract and its antimicrobial properties" Informa UK Limited 50 (50): 1032-1038, 2020

80 S. Subhapriya, "Green synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles by Trigonella foenum-graecum extract and its antimicrobial properties" Elsevier BV 116 : 215-220, 2018

81 S. Subhapriya, "Green synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles by Trigonella foenum-graecum extract and its antimicrobial properties" Elsevier BV 116 : 215-220, 2018

82 Jaewook Lee, "Green synthesis of phytochemical-stabilized Au nanoparticles under ambient conditions and their biocompatibility and antioxidative activity" Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) 21 (21): 13316-, 2011

83 Sapana Jadoun, "Green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts: a review" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 19 (19): 355-374, 2021

84 Siavash Iravani, "Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plants" Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) 13 (13): 2638-, 2011

85 Sunderishwary S. Muniandy, "Green synthesis of mesoporous anatase TiO2 nanoparticles and their photocatalytic activities" Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) 7 (7): 48083-48094, 2017

86 C.P. Devatha, "Green synthesis of iron nanoparticles using different leaf extracts for treatment of domestic waste water" Elsevier BV 139 : 1425-1435, 2016

87 M. Ramesh, "Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using Solanum nigrum leaf extract and their antibacterial activity" Elsevier BV 136 : 864-870, 2015

88 A. Mobeen Amanulla, "Green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using orange peel extract for antibacterial, cytotoxicity and humidity sensor applications" Elsevier BV 8 : 323-331, 2019

89 Ghulam Nabi, "Green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using lemon peel extract: their optical and photocatalytic properties" Informa UK Limited 102 (102): 434-442, 2022

90 Surya Pratap Goutam, "Green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using leaf extract of Jatropha curcas L. for photocatalytic degradation of tannery wastewater" Elsevier BV 336 : 386-396, 2018

91 Surya Pratap Goutam, "Green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using leaf extract of Jatropha curcas L. for photocatalytic degradation of tannery wastewater" Elsevier BV 336 : 386-396, 2018

92 Naresh Kumar Sethy, "Green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles from Syzygium cumini extract for photo-catalytic removal of lead (Pb) in explosive industrial wastewater" Walter de Gruyter GmbH 9 (9): 171-181, 2020

93 Manish Hudlikar, "Green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles by using aqueous extract of Jatropha curcas L. latex" Elsevier BV 75 : 196-199, 2012

94 G. V. Khade, "Green synthesis of TiO2 and its photocatalytic activity" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 26 (26): 3309-3315, 2015

95 Gautam Kumar Naik, "Green synthesis of Au/TiO2 for effective dye degradation in aqueous system" Elsevier BV 229 : 492-497, 2013

96 S. Ganesan, "Green engineering of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H.E. Robines. medicinal plant aqueous leaf extracts for enhanced photocatalytic activity" Ukaaz Publications 5 (5): 69-75, 2016

97 Selvaraj Raja, "Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Calliandra haematocephala leaf extract, their antibacterial activity and hydrogen peroxide sensing capability" Elsevier BV 10 (10): 253-261, 2017

98 Selvaraj Raja, "Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Calliandra haematocephala leaf extract, their antibacterial activity and hydrogen peroxide sensing capability" Elsevier BV 10 (10): 253-261, 2017

99 Ghulam Nabi, "Green Synthesis of TiO2 Nanoparticle Using Cinnamon Powder Extract and the Study of Optical Properties" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 30 (30): 1425-1429, 2020

100 Abdul Abduz Zahir, "Green Synthesis of Silver and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using Euphorbia prostrata Extract Shows Shift from Apoptosis to G 0 /G 1 Arrest followed by Necrotic Cell Death in Leishmania donovani" American Society for Microbiology 59 (59): 4782-4799, 2015

101 Junjiang Zhu, "Graphitic carbon nitride as a metal-free catalyst for NO decomposition" Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) 46 (46): 6965-, 2010

102 M. Meena Kumari, "Facile one-pot synthesis of gold and silver nanocatalysts using edible coconut oil" Elsevier BV 111 : 154-160, 2013

103 Kanayairam Velayutham, "Evaluation of Catharanthus roseus leaf extract-mediated biosynthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles against Hippobosca maculata and Bovicola ovis" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 111 (111): 2329-2337, 2012

104 Shu-Juan Bao, "Environment-friendly biomimetic synthesis of TiO2nanomaterials for photocatalytic application" IOP Publishing 23 (23): 205601-, 2012

105 S. Arokiyaraj, "Enhanced antibacterial activity of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles treated with Argemone mexicana L. leaf extract: An in vitro study" Elsevier BV 48 (48): 3323-3327, 2013

106 L. Valentín, "Emerging Organic Contaminants in Sludges" Springer 1-, 2013

107 Selvaraj Mohana Roopan, "Efficient phyto-synthesis and structural characterization of rutile TiO2 nanoparticles using Annona squamosa peel extract" Elsevier BV 98 : 86-90, 2012

108 Govindasamy Rajakumar, "Efficacy of larvicidal activity of green synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Mangifera indica extract against blood-feeding parasites" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 114 (114): 571-581, 2015

109 Wenlong Zhang, "Effect of water composition on TiO2 photocatalytic removal of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and estrogenic activity from secondary effluent" Elsevier BV 215-216 : 252-258, 2012

110 Sandeep Kumar, "Effect of climate change on phytochemical diversity, total phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant activity of Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f." Springer Science and Business Media LLC 10 (10): 60-, 2017

111 S. Vijayakumar, "Eco friendly synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using aqueous Ocimum americanum L. leaf extracts and their antimicrobial, anti-proliferative and photocatalytic activities" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 33 (33): 805-810, 2020

112 G. Rajakumar, "Eclipta prostrata leaf aqueous extract mediated synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles" Elsevier BV 68 : 115-117, 2012

113 G.V. Andrievsky, "Comparative analysis of two aqueous-colloidal solutions of C60 fullerene with help of FTIR reflectance and UV–Vis spectroscopy" Elsevier BV 364 (364): 8-17, 2002

114 Cyrille Gautier, "Chiral N -Isobutyryl-cysteine Protected Gold Nanoparticles:  Preparation, Size Selection, and Optical Activity in the UV−vis and Infrared" American Chemical Society (ACS) 128 (128): 11079-11087, 2006

115 Jingkun Jiang, "Characterization of size, surface charge, and agglomeration state of nanoparticle dispersions for toxicological studies" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 11 (11): 77-89, 2009

116 Yiguang Qian, "Characterization of green synthesized nano-formulation (ZnO–A. vera) and their antibacterial activity against pathogens" Elsevier BV 39 (39): 736-746, 2015

117 H.-M. Hwang, "CHAPTER 8. Toxicology of Designer/Engineered Metallic Nanoparticles" Royal Society of Chemistry 190-212, 2013

118 P. S. M. Kumar, "Biosynthesized and Chemically Synthesized Titania Nanoparticles: Comparative Analysis of Antibacterial Activity" Journal of Environmental Nanotechnology 3 (3): 73-81, 2014

119 P. S. M. Kumar, "Biosynthesized and Chemically Synthesized Titania Nanoparticles: Comparative Analysis of Antibacterial Activity" Journal of Environmental Nanotechnology 3 (3): 73-81, 2014

120 B. Ajitha, "Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Momordica charantia leaf broth: Evaluation of their innate antimicrobial and catalytic activities" Elsevier BV 146 : 1-9, 2015

121 Palaniselvam Kuppusamy, "Biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant derivatives and their new avenues in pharmacological applications – An updated report" Elsevier BV 24 (24): 473-484, 2016

122 Anal K. Jha, "Biosynthesis of metal and oxide nanoparticles using Lactobacilli from yoghurt and probiotic spore tablets" Wiley 5 (5): 285-291, 2010

123 Subramanian Senthilkumar, "Biosynthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using Justicia gendarussa leaves for photocatalytic and toxicity studies" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 44 (44): 5923-5940, 2018

124 Anil A. Kashale, "Biomediated green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles for lithium ion battery application" Elsevier BV 99 : 297-304, 2016

125 R. Joerger, "Biologically Produced Silver-Carbon Composite Materials for Optically Functional Thin-Film Coatings" Wiley 12 (12): 407-409, 2000

126 Kaushik N. Thakkar, "Biological synthesis of metallic nanoparticles" Elsevier BV 6 (6): 257-262, 2010

127 Chidambaram Jayaseelan, "Biological approach to synthesize TiO2 nanoparticles using Aeromonas hydrophila and its antibacterial activity" Elsevier BV 107 : 82-89, 2013

128 V. Gopinath, "Biogenic synthesis, characterization of antibacterial silver nanoparticles and its cell cytotoxicity" Elsevier BV 10 (10): 1107-1117, 2017

129 Velu Manikandan, "Biogenic synthesis from Prunus × yedoensis leaf extract, characterization, and photocatalytic and antibacterial activity of TiO2 nanoparticles" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 44 (44): 2489-2502, 2018

130 Shirajahammad M. Hunagund, "Biogenic and chemogenic synthesis of TiO2NPs via hydrothermal route and their antibacterial activities" Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) 6 (6): 97438-97444, 2016

131 Arun G. Ingale, "Biogenic Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Potential Applications: An Eco- Friendly Approach" OMICS Publishing Group 04 (04): 1-, 2013

132 Swetha Sunkar, "Biogenesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using endophytic Bacillus cereus" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 16 (16): 1-, 2014

133 Muthiah Bavanilatha, "Bioactive studies of TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized using Glycyrrhiza glabra" Elsevier BV 19 : 101131-, 2019

134 Liang-shi Li, "Band Gap Variation of Size- and Shape-Controlled Colloidal CdSe Quantum Rods" American Chemical Society (ACS) 1 (1): 349-351, 2001

135 D. R. Baer, "Application of surface chemical analysis tools for characterization of nanoparticles" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 396 (396): 983-1002, 2010

136 Khursheed Ali, "Aloe vera extract functionalized zinc oxide nanoparticles as nanoantibiotics against multi-drug resistant clinical bacterial isolates" Elsevier BV 472 : 145-156, 2016

137 Sampath Marimuthu, "Acaricidal activity of synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Calotropis gigantea against Rhipicephalus microplus and Haemaphysalis bispinosa" Medknow 6 (6): 682-688, 2013

138 Sampath Marimuthu, "Acaricidal activity of synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Calotropis gigantea against Rhipicephalus microplus and Haemaphysalis bispinosa" Medknow 6 (6): 682-688, 2013

139 Muhammad Rafique, "A review on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their applications" Informa UK Limited 45 (45): 1272-1291, 2017

140 Shakeel Ahmed, "A review on biogenic synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using plant extracts and microbes: A prospect towards green chemistry" Elsevier BV 166 : 272-284, 2017

141 Muhammad Nadeem, "A review of the green syntheses and anti-microbial applications of gold nanoparticles" Informa UK Limited 10 (10): 216-227, 2017

142 Anu Rana, "A comprehensive review on green synthesis of nature-inspired metal nanoparticles: Mechanism, application and toxicity" Elsevier BV 272 : 122880-, 2020

143 N. Azwanida, "A Review on the Extraction Methods Use in Medicinal Plants, Principle, Strength and Limitation" OMICS Publishing Group 04 (04): 2167-, 2015

144 Ghulam Nabi, "A Review on Novel Eco-Friendly Green Approach to Synthesis TiO2 Nanoparticles Using Different Extracts" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 28 (28): 1552-1564, 2018