Foundations on rock

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Introduction = xi
• Foreword = xiii
• Notation = xiv
• Note = xviii
• 1 Characteristics of rock foundations = 1
• 1.1 Types of rock foundation = 1
• 1.1.1 Spread footings = 2
• 1.1.2 Socketed piers = 4
• 1.1.3 Tension foundations = 4
• 1.2 Performance of foundations on rock = 4
• 1.2.1 Settlement and bearing capacity failures = 4
• 1.2.2 Creep = 5
• 1.2.3 Block failure = 5
• 1.2.4 Failure of socketed piers and tension anchors = 7
• 1.2.5 Influence of geological structure = 7
• 1.2.6 Excavation methods = 7
• 1.2.7 Reinforcement = 7
• 1.3 Structural loads = 8
• 1.3.1 Buildings = 9
• 1.3.2 Bridges = 9
• 1.3.3 Dams = 10
• 1.3.4 Tension foundations = 10
• 1.4 Allowable settlement = 10
• 1.4.1 Buildings = 10
• 1.4.2 Bridges = 11
• 1.4.3 Dams = 12
• 1.5 Influence of ground water on foundation performance = 12
• 1.5.1 Dams = 14
• 1.5.2 Tensioned anchors = 14
• 1.6 Factor of safety and reliability analysis = 14
• 1.6.1 Factor of safety analysis = 15
• 1.6.2 Limit states design = 16
• 1.6.3 Sensitivity analysis = 16
• 1.6.4 Coefficient of reliability = 17
• 1.7 References = 21
• 2 Structural geology = 23
• 2.1 Fracture characteristics = 23
• 2.1.1 Types of fracture = 23
• 2.1.2 Fracture orientation and dimensions = 25
• 2.2 Orientation of fractures = 26
• 2.3 Stenographic projection = 27
• 2.3.1 Pole plots = 29
• 2.3.2 Pole density = 30
• 2.3.3 Great circles = 32
• 2.4 Types of foundation failure = 33
• 2.5 Kinematic analysis = 35
• 2.5.1 Planar failure = 37
• 2.5.2 Wedge failures = 37
• 2.5.3 Toppling failures = 37
• 2.5.4 Friction cone = 39
• 2.6 Probabilistic analysis of structural geology = 39
• 2.6.1 Fracture orientation = 39
• 2.6.2 Fracture length and spacing = 40
• 2.7 References = 41
• 3 Rock strength and deformability = 42
• 3.1 Range of rock strength conditions = 42
• 3.2 Deformation modulus = 44
• 3.2.1 intact rock modulus = 45
• 3.2.2 Stress-strain behaviour of fractured rock = 47
• 3.2.3 Size effects on deformation modulus = 48
• 3.2.4 Fracture spacing and modulus = 50
• 3.2.5 Modulus of anisotropic rock = 51
• 3.2.6 Modulus／rock mass quality relationships = 52
• 3.3 Compressive strength = 53
• 3.3.1 Compressive strength of intact rock = 54
• 3.3.2 Compressive strength of fractured rock = 56
• 3.4 Shear strength = 58
• 3.4.1 Mohr-Coulomb materials = 59
• 3.4.2 Shear strength of fractures = 59
• 3.4.3 Shear strength testing = 59
• 3.4.4 Shear strength of fractured rock = 63
• 3.5 Tensile strength = 64
• 3.6 Time-dependent properties = 68
• 3.6.1 Weathering = 69
• 3.6.2 Swelling = 70
• 3.6.3 Creep = 71
• 3.7 References = 73
• 4 Investigation and in situ testing methods = 77
• 4.1 Site selection = 77
• 4.1.1 Aerial and terrestial photography = 78
• 4.1.2 Geophysics = 80
• 4.2 Geological mapping = 81
• 4.2.1 Standard geology descriptions = 83
• 4.2.2 Fracture mapping = 87
• 4.3 Drilling = 90
• 4.3.1 Diamond drilling = 90
• 4.3.2 Percussion drilling = 93
• 4.3.3 Calyx drilling = 94
• 4.4 Ground water measurements = 94
• 4.4.1 Water pressure measurements = 95
• 4.4.2 Permeability measurements = 98
• 4.5 In situ modulus and shear strength testing = 101
• 4.5.1 Modulus testing = 101
• 4.5.2 Direct shear tests = 110
• 4.6 References = 111
• 5 Bearing capacity, settlement and stress distribution = 114
• 5.1 Introduction = 114
• 5.2 Bearing capacity = 116
• 5.2.1 Building codes = 116
• 5.2.2 Bearing capacity of fractured rock = 117
• 5.2.3 Recessed footings = 120
• 5.2.4 Bearing capacity factors = 120
• 5.2.5 Foundations on sloping ground = 120
• 5.2.6 Bearing capacity of shallow dipping bedded formations = 122
• 5.2.7 Bearing capacity of layered formations = 124
• 5.2.8 Bearing capacity of karstic formations = 126
• 5.3 Settlement = 128
• 5.3.1 Elastic rock = 129
• 5.3.2 Transversely isotropic rock = 134
• 5.3.3 Inelastic rock = 136
• 5.4 Stress distributions in foundations = 137
• 5.4.1 Isotropic rock = 138
• 5.4.2 Layered formations = 142
• 5.4.3 Transversely isotropic rock = 142
• 5.4.4 Eccentrically loaded footings = 143
• 5.5 References = 145
• 6 Stability of foundations = 147
• 6.1 Introduction = 147
• 6.2 Stability of sliding blocks = 147
• 6.3 Stability of wedge blocks = 153
• 6.4 Three-dimensional stability analysis = 155
• 6.5 Stability of toppling blocks = 156
• 6.6 Stability of fractured rock masses = 160
• 6.7 Seismic design = 162
• 6.8 References = 164
• 7 Foundations of gravity and embankment dams = 165
• 7.1 Introduction = 165
• 7.1.1 Dam performance statistics = 166
• 7.1.2 Foundation design for gravity and embankment dams = 167
• 7.1.3 Loads on dams = 168
• 7.1.4 Loading combinations = 169
• 7.2 Sliding stability = 169
• 7.2.1 Geological conditions causing sliding = 170
• 7.2.2 Shear strength = 170
• 7.2.3 Water pressure distributions = 170
• 7.2.4 Stability analysis = 172
• 7.2.5 Factor of safety = 175
• 7.2.6 Examples of stabilization = 175
• 7.3 Overturning and stress distributions in foundations = 177
• 7.3.1 Overturning = 178
• 7.3.2 Stress distributions in foundations = 178
• 7.4 Earthquake response of dams = 181
• 7.4.1 Introduction = 181
• 7.4.2 Sliding stability and overturning under seismic loads = 182
• 7.4.3 Finite element analysis = 184
• 7.4.4 Displacement analysis = 185
• 7.5 Preparation of rock surfaces = 187
• 7.5.1 Shaping = 187
• 7.5.2 Cleaning and sealing = 188
• 7.5.3 Rebound = 189
• 7.5.4 Solution cavities = 189
• 7.6 Grouting and drainage = 190
• 7.6.1 Grouting functions = 190
• 7.6.2 Grout types = 191
• 7.6.3 Mechanism of grouting = 191
• 7.6.4 Drilling method = 193
• 7.6.5 Hole patterns = 193
• 7.6.6 Grout mixes = 195
• 7.6.7 Grout strength = 195
• 7.6.8 Grout pressures = 196
• 7.6.9 Grouting procedures = 196
• 7.6.10 Permeability criteria for grouted rock = 197
• 7.6.11 Monitoring grouting operations = 199
• 7.6.12 Leaching = 199
• 7.6.13 Drainage = 200
• 7.7 References = 201
• 8 Rock-socketed piers = 205
• 8.1 Introduction = 205
• 8.1.1 Types of deep foundations = 205
• 8.1.2 Investigations for socketed piers = 205
• 8.2 Load capacity of socketed piers in compression = 207
• 8.2.1 Mechanism of load transfer = 207
• 8.2.2 Shear behaviour of rock sockets = 209
• 8.2.3 Factors affecting the load capacity of socketed piers = 210
• 8.2.4 Socketed piers in karstic formations = 217
• 8.3 Design values : Side-wall resistance and end bearing = 217
• 8.3.1 Side-wall shear resistance = 218
• 8.3.2 End-bearing capacity = 218
• 8.4 Axial deformation = 219
• 8.4.1 Settlement mechanism of socketed piers = 219
• 8.4.2 Settlement of side-wall resistance sockets = 221
• 8.4.3 Settlement of end-loaded piers = 222
• 8.4.4 Settlement of socketed, end-bearing piers = 223
• 8.4.5 Socketed piers with pre-load applied at base = 226
• 8.5 Uplift = 227
• 8.5.1 Uplift resistance in side-wall shear = 228
• 8.5.2 Uplift resistance of belled piers = 228
• 8.6 Laterally loaded socketed piers = 228
• 8.6.1 Computing lateral deflection with p-y curves = 229
• 8.6.2 Socket stability under lateral load = 234
• 8.7 References = 236
• 9 Tension foundations = 238
• 9.1 Introduction = 238
• 9.2 Anchor materials and anchorage methods = 240
• 9.2.1 Allowable working loads and safsty factors = 241
• 9.2.2 Steel relaxation = 241
• 9.2.3 Strength properties of steel bar and strand = 243
• 9.2.4 Applications of rigid bar anchors = 243
• 9.2.5 Applications of strand anchors = 247
• 9.2.6 Cement grout anchorage = 247
• 9.2.7 Resin grout anchorage = 251
• 9.2.8 Mechanical anchorage = 253
• 9.3 Design procedure for tensioned anchors = 254
• 9.3.1 Mechanics of load transfer between anchor, grout and rock = 254
• 9.3.2 Allowable bond stresses and anchor design = 256
• 9.3.1 Prestressed and passive anchors = 260
• 9.3.4 Uplift capacity of rock anchors = 261
• 9.3.5 Group action = 268
• 9.3.6 Cyclic loading of anchors = 268
• 9.3.7 Time-dependent behaviour and creep = 268
• 9.3.8 Effect of blasting on anchorage = 269
• 9.3.9 Anchors in permafrost = 270
• 9.4 Corrosion protection = 271
• 9.4.1 Mechanism of corrosion = 271
• 9.4.2 Types of corrosion = 273
• 9.4.3 Corrosive conditions = 274
• 9.4.4 Corrosion-protection methods = 274
• 9.5 Installation and testing = 276
• 9.5.1 Water testing = 277
• 9.5.2 Load testing = 277
• 9.5.3 Acceptance criteria = 280
• 9.6 References = 281
• 10 Construction methods = 283
• 10.1 Introduction = 283
• 10.2 Drilling = 283
• 10.2.1 Diamond drilling = 284
• 10.2.2 Percussion drilling = 286
• 10.2.3 Rotary drills = 289
• 10.2.4 Overburden drilling = 289
• 10.2.5 Large-diameter drilling = 291
• 10.2.6 Directional drilling = 292
• 10.3 Blasting and non-explosive rock excavation = 295
• 10.3.1 Rock fracture by explosives = 295
• 10.3.2 Controlled blasting = 297
• 10.3.3 Blasting horizontal surfaces = 299
• 10.3.4 Ground vibration control = 299
• 10.3.5 Vibration in uncured concrete = 303
• 10.3.6 Non-explosive excavation = 305
• 10.4 Bearing surface improvement and rock reinforcement = 305
• 10.4.1 Trim blasting = 307
• 10.4.2 Surface preparation = 307
• 10.4.3 Dental concrete = 307
• 10.4.4 Shotcrete = 307
• 10.4.5 Pins = 309
• 10.4.6 Rock bolts = 309
• 10.4.7 Tensioned rock anchors = 310
• 10.4.8 Concrete buttress = 310
• 10.4.9 Drain holes = 310
• 10.5 Contracts and specifications = 310
• 10.5.1 Components of contract documents = 311
• 10.5.2 Types of contract = 312
• 10.5.3 Rock excavation and reinforcement specifications = 313
• 10.6 References = 317
• Appendix Ⅰ Stereonets for hand plotting of structural geology data = 319
• Appendix Ⅱ Field mapping data sheets = 323
• Appendix Ⅲ Conversion factors = 326
• Index = 329