India’s Food Security and Prospects for Future Regulatory Reforms: Unlocking Doha Development Round’s Deadlock = 인도의 식량 안보와 미래 규제 개혁의 전망: 도하개발라운드 교착 상태의 진전

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Currently, India is one of the forefront leaders in the developing world and its sphere of influence has grown rapidly granting them the position as one of the key dominant players in the international arena. The delay of Doha Development Rounds is a symptom of India’s food insecurity and their reluctance to open agricultural markets. India claims that accepting the international subsidy levels for domestic farmers will jeopardize the protection of their agricultural industry. In order for the Doha Development Rounds to see any progression from its current standstill, one must get to the core of India’s food security issues. Through the progression of laws, Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) created a gateway for multinational corporations such as Monsanto to introduce Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) technology to produce greater quality and quantity yields. There is anticipation that this newly found technology can revert vital issues such as food deprivation and the costs of severe malnutrition by further commercializing Bt food crops. However, although Bt cotton is the only current commercialized GM crop, it has brought along controversies that have segregated two distinct positions regarding biotechnology’s place within India’s agricultural sector. By tackling the core problem, which is India’s food deprivation from its very roots stemming from corruption, lack of irrigation systems, and ineffective distribution, it can mend such issues as GM crop failures, Bt moratorium, and farmer suicides. This eventually leads back to efforts towards forward movements in the Doha negotiation.

Therefore, based on the stagnancy in the Doha Rounds, this paper presents recommendations to India’s food security plans and ways to counter the very central issues that is affecting all 160-member states in settling and mitigating an actual settlement towards world trade. Without tackling the inner layers of food insecurity, the outer outcomes will not foresee change. In other words, without accounting the causes, the consequences cannot be amended. Thus, issues in India’s targeted public distribution system, irrigation system, farmer educational programs as well as Monsanto’s customer perception must be resolved to see any formidable changes in tackling food insecurity and Doha’s deadlock. India has come too far along in biotechnology and its involvement within the international community to go back. The only way is to utilize what they have and move forward towards achieving food security once and for all, which will in effect progress decisions in the Doha Development Rounds to conclusively finalize unsettled international trade negotiations.

Keywords: Doha Development Round, India, Biotechnology, Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO), Food Security

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1. Introduction 1
• 2. India 3
• 2.1 Importance of India in Developing World 3
• 2.2 Food Security Crisis 3
• 2.3 Doha Development Round Deadlock 4
• 2.4 Green Revolution to Gene Revolution 6
• 3. Monsanto/ Mahyco 11
• 3.1 Origins of Monsanto Company 11
• 3.2 Monsanto-Mahyco Partnership 11
• 3.3 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Crops 12
• 4. Opposing Views of Transgenic Crops in India 15
• 4.1 Arguments for GM Incorporation 16
• 4.2 Arguments for GM Abandonment 21
• 5. India's Current Actions and Implemented Policies 28
• 5.1 Seed Bill 2004 28
• 5.2 Bt Field Trials Moratorium 2011 29
• 5.3 India vs. Monsanto 2011 31
• 5.4 National Food Security Act (NFSA) 2013 32
• 5.5 Doha Development Round: Bali Negotiations 2013 34
• 6. Policy Recommendations 35
• 6.1 Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) 37
• 6.2 Irrigation System 48
• 6.3 Monsanto Customer Perception 52
• 6.4 Farmers’ Educational Programs 54
• 6.5 Additional Recommendations 55
• 7. Conclusion 58
• Bibliography 61
• Abstract (국민초록) 66