반유목 하우람인의 임시 거주지와 고정 건축 ― 팔란간을 중심으로 ― = Temporary Dwelling Place and Permanent House of Semi-nomads in the Hawraman― Palangān Village ―

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The Hawraman means a mountainous region where Hawramian people make up the majority of the population near the border of Iraq and Iran. Although the land geographically belongs to Kurdistan, they speak Hawrami different from other Kurdish dialects. Even though most of them have been semi-nomads like nearby Kurds, Hawramians have used specific settlement types unlike Kurdish tents in the summer. It could be thought that the Hawrami and their summer houses reflects their Hawramian identity. Nevertheless, the houses have never received much attention from researchers. So, this article studies on the meanings, characteristics and uses of Hawramian summer quarters and housing types.
For this, I selected a historical village in Iran, named Palangan, where some of the villagers have sustained a pastoral lifestyle in Mountain Shaho up to now. They have stayed at one place in the winter and optionally used nine quarters or more in the summer. The people call the summer quarter ‘hawār’ which means a temporary dwelling place in Hawrami. The meaning reflects the instable residential situations depending on the conditions of water sources and weather.
The people have built permanent houses at their summer quarters. The houses are commonly structured by stone walls with different roof styles. One is ‘yāna’ which means a house in Hawramian language. It has a solid roof structure made by wooden columns and beams like their winter houses. The other is ‘kapr’ which means a branch. The structure is covered by wooden branches similar to ‘capr’ which sedentary Kurds have used in the summer.
Because of abundant stones in Mt. Shaho, Palangan villagers would have built stone houses at the summer quarters. However, given that the neighbourhood Kurds have used the tent, it could be possible that there are other reasons. Hawrami belongs to the language family of sedentary Guran. Also, Hawramian summer houses are made by the same method of sedentary villagers’ summer shelters. Besides, Martin Van Bruinessen recorded a part of Ahl-e Haqq’s holy song, such as “Kurds are nomads who live in mountains, Hawramians are farmers who live in villages”. Considering these, It is not outside the realms of possibility that Hawramian permanent houses at temporary dwelling places were originated from the sedentary residential culture.

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