중국 알타이 지역 카작 씨족의 집체화 = The Collectivization of Kazak Clans in the Chinese Altai

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Prior to the Communist takeover of Xinjiang, Kazak pastoralists in the Chinese Altai were grouped into some 17 clan groups, each with its own hereditary leaders and geographic locations. According the official Chinese narrative of social transition among Altai Kazaks, the final abolition of the Altai Kazaks' age-old feudal system came with the peaceful liberation of Xinjiang in 1949. However, it remains unclear exactly how this transition happened. Based on the author’s long-term ethnographic fieldwork and extensive archival research focusing on local Altai historical records, this paper examines the processes by which Altai Kazak clans were disrupted during collectivization in the 1950s. There are two main aspects to these disruptions. First, the Altai Kazaks were collectivized in such a way as to create administrative units (mutual help teams, cooperatives, production teams, and communes) that failed by design to align with traditional clan territories. Each collective unit included previously separate clan groups, and individual clans were broken up to be incorporated into multiple units. Second, a series of political purges in the four-year period between 1958 and 1962 specifically targeted Altai’s major clan leaders, who had not only controlled their clan members and communal pastures, but also held influential official positions throughout the Republican era and the first decade of the People’s Republic of China. After these purges, clan groups found themselves without any clear leadership or unifying force, and became increasingly scattered across the landscape.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 김광억, "현대중국에서의 국가와 사회의 관계: 종족과 지역사회의 문화와 권력의 구조" 한국문화인류학회 39 (39): 3-44, 2006

2 김광억, "현대 중국에서 국가와 사회의 관계: 가(家)와 종족(宗族)을 중심으로" 5 (5): 85-115, 1996

3 김우진, "카작족 농담관계의 비교문화적 분석" 비교문화연구소 24 (24): 105-130, 2018

4 엄구호, "중앙아시아의 민주주의와 씨족 정치" 한국세계지역학회 27 (27): 181-220, 2009

5 靑河縣史誌辦公室, "靑河縣誌" 新疆人民出版社 2003

6 哈哈爾曼, "靑河縣文史資料: 哈薩克文" 新疆人民出版社 2009

7 阿勒泰市黨史地方誌編纂委員會, "阿勒泰市誌" 新疆人民出版社 2001

8 政協阿勒泰市委員會文史資料委員會, "阿勒泰市文史資料" 新疆社會科學院印刷廠 2002

9 阿勒泰地區誌編纂委員會, "阿勒泰地區誌" 新疆人民出版社 2004

10 하자노프, "遊牧社會의 構造" 지식산업사 1990

11 王治來, "試論解放前我國哈薩克族的社會形質" 56 (56): 30-33, 1963

12 福海縣史誌編纂委員會, "福海縣誌" 新疆人民出版社 2003

13 金光億, "現代 中國에서 國家-社會의 關係와 宗族의 再生産-" 중국사학회 27 : 265-284, 2003

14 劉國俊, "淸末科阿分治與阿勒泰新政" 5 : 90-96, 2011

15 劉怡, "最美的還是我們新疆布爾津" 新疆人民出版社 1998

16 白劍光, "晩淸阿爾泰邊防硏究" 河北師範大學 2007

17 謝彬, "新疆遊記" 中華書局 1932

18 新疆維吾爾自治區地方誌編纂委員會, "新疆通誌" 新疆人民出版社 1992

19 新疆通誌政務誌政協編纂委員會, "新疆通誌" 新疆人民出版社 1996

20 張大軍, "新疆近四十年變亂記略" 中央文物供應社 1955

21 紀大椿, "新疆近史論文選粹" 新疆人民出版社 277-290, 2011

22 張峰峰, "新疆跨國民族跨國歷史過程硏究" 蘭州大學 2012

23 周東郊, "新疆的哈薩克人(上)" 6 (6): 29-42, 1947

24 楊庭瑞, "新疆牧區社會" 農村讀物出版社 1988

25 何星亮, "新疆民族傳統社會與文化" 商務印書館 189-219, 2003

26 何星亮, "新疆民族傳統社會與文化" 商務印書館 74-117, 2003

27 "新疆哈薩克族遷徙史" 新疆人民出版社 1993

28 新疆通誌政務誌人大編委會, "新疆人大誌" 新疆人民出版社 2004

29 布爾津縣地方誌編纂委員會, "布爾津縣誌" 新疆人民出版社 2002

30 政協布爾津委員會, "布爾津縣文史資料" 新疆八百印務有限公司 2006

31 富蘊縣黨史地方誌編纂委員會, "富蘊縣誌" 新疆人民出版社 2003

32 劉鑫渝, "土地制度變遷視野下的哈薩克族牧區社會" 知識産權出版社 2013

33 "哈薩克族簡史" 民族出版社 2008

34 修訂編輯委員會, "哈薩克族社會歷史調査" 民族出版社 2009

35 王旭東, "哈薩克族―新疆吉木乃縣巴扎爾湖勒村調査" 雲南大學出版社 2004

36 賈合甫 米爾扎汗, "哈薩克族" 民族出版社 1989

37 哈巴河縣地方誌編纂委員會, "哈巴河縣誌" 新疆人民出版社 2004

38 政協哈巴河縣委員會, "哈巴河縣文史資料" 光大印刷有限公司藝林印務中心 2014

39 哈巴河縣地名委員會, "哈巴河地名圖誌" 1987

40 吉木乃縣史誌辦, "吉木乃縣誌" 新疆人民出版社 2005

41 伊犁哈薩克自治州人大誌編纂委員會, "伊犁哈薩克自治州人大誌" 海洋彩印有限公司 2007

42 竹效民, "伊犁反分裂鬪爭" 中央伊犁哈薩克自治州委員會黨校 2006

43 曾問吾, "中國經營西域史" 文海 1979

44 中共靑河縣黨史地方誌編纂委員會, "中國共産黨靑河縣歷史大事記 (一九四九.十~一九九七.九)" 新疆人民出版社 1999

45 中共阿勒泰市委黨史硏究室, "中國共産黨阿勒泰市簡史" 新疆人民出版社 2012

46 中共福海縣黨史地方誌編纂委員會, "中國共産黨福海縣歷史大事記 (1949.10.~1988.12)" 新疆人民出版社 1999

47 中共吉木乃縣委員會組織部, "中國共産黨新疆維烏爾自治區伊犁哈薩克自治州吉木乃縣組織史資料" 福利印刷廠 1995

48 中共靑河縣委組織部, "中國共産黨新疆維吾爾自治區伊犁哈薩克自治州靑河縣組織史資料 (1949.10~1987.10)" 福利印刷廠 1996

49 中共阿勒泰地區委員會組織部, "中國共産黨新疆維吾爾自治區伊犁哈薩克自治州阿勒泰地區組織史資料 (1949~1987)" 新疆人民出版社 1993

50 中共福海縣委員會組織部, "中國共産黨新疆維吾爾自治區伊犁哈薩克自治州福海縣組織史資料" 福利印刷廠 1997

51 中共布爾津縣委組織部, "中國共産黨新疆維吾爾自治區伊犁哈薩克自治州布爾津縣組織史資料" 新疆靑少年出版社 1999

52 中共布爾津縣史誌辦公室, "中國共産黨布爾津縣簡史" 新疆人民出版社 2011

53 中共富蘊縣委員會史誌辦, "中國共産黨富蘊縣簡史" 新疆人民出版社 2007

54 中共吉木乃縣黨史地方誌編纂委員會, "中國共産黨吉木乃縣歷史大事記" 新疆彩印膠印廠 2002

55 中共吉木乃縣委黨史硏究室, "中國共産黨吉木乃縣簡史" 新疆生産建設兵團出版社 2014

56 中共阿勒泰地委黨史硏究室, "中共阿勒泰地區簡史 (1950―2005)" 新疆人民出版社 2012

57 Huang, Shumin, "The Spiral Road: Change in a Chinese Village through the Eyes of a Communist Party Leader" Westview Press 1989

58 Wheeler, Geoffrey, "The Modern History of Soviet Central Asia" Pergamon 1964

59 Benson, Linda, "The Kazaks of China: Essays on an Ethnic Minority" Almqvist & Wiksell International 1-106, 1988

60 Beyer, Judith, "The Force of Custom: Law and the Ordering of Everday Life in Kyrgyzstan" University of Pittsburgh Press 2016

61 Humphrey, Caroline, "The End of Nomadism?: Society, State, and the Environment in Inner Asia" Duke University Press 1996

62 Krader, Lawrence, "Social Organization of the Mongol-Turkic Pastoral Nomads" Mouton and Co 1963

63 Moseley, George, "Sino-Soviet Cultural Frontier: The Ili Kazakh Autunomous Chou" Harvard University East Asian Research Center 1966

64 Brunnert, H. S., "Present Day Political Organization of China" Elly and Alsh Limited 1912

65 Lattimore, Owen, "Pivot of Asia: Sinkiang and the Inner Asian Frontiers of China and Russia" Little, Brown and Company 1950

66 Schatz, Edward, "Modern Clan Politics: The Power of “Blood” in Kazakhstan and Beyond" University of Washington Press 2004

67 Martin, Virginia, "Law and Custom in the Steppe" Curzon 2001

68 Hudson, Alfred, "Kazak Social Structure" Human Relations Area Files Press 1964

69 Tsui, Yenhu, "Culture and Environment in Inner Asia, Volume 2: Society and Culture" The White Horse Press 205-230, 1996

70 Benson, Linda, "China’s Last Nomads: The History and Culture of China’s Kazaks" M. E. Sharpe 1998

71 Barnett, A. Doak, "China on the Eve of Communist Takeover" Frederick A. Praeger 1968

72 Rossabi, Morris, "China and Inner Asia: From 1368 to the Present Day" Thames and Hudson 1975

73 Sneath, David, "Changing Inner Mongolia: Pastoral Mongolian Society and the Chinese State" Oxford University Press 2000

74 Lamb, Alastair, "Central Asia" Delacorte Press 294-313, 1966

75 Williams, Dee Mack, "Beyond Great Walls: Environment, Identity, and Developmenton the Chinese Grasslands of Inner Mongolia" Stanford University Press 2002

76 Altay, Halife, "Anayurttan Anadolu’ya" Kültür Bakanlıgı Yayınları 1981

77 Kadys Zhana’bil Uly O’tegenov, "Abak Kerej (To’r Shezhiresi)" Ile Halyk Baspasy 2008