Television, cable, and radio : a communications approach

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xxxi
• Introduction = 1
• Mass Communication = 2
• American Television and Radio = 2
• Communication Models = 2
• Arrangement of Contents = 5
• PART Ⅰ PROLOGUE
• Chapter 1 Influences on American Television and Radio = 7
• Characteristics of American Broadcasting = 8
• Broadcasting in Other Nations = 9
• Major Influences = 10
• Political Influences = 10
• Economic Influences = 13
• Social and Cultural Influences = 15
• Geographical Influences = 15
• Summary = 16
• Notes = 17
• Recommended Reading = 17
• Chapter 2 The Development of Radio Communication = 19
• Early Long-Distance Communication = 19
• Finding a Source of Power = 20
• The Discovery of Magnetism = 20
• The Discovery and Development of Electricity = 20
• Connecting Magnetism and Electricity = 20
• Developing Transmission and Reception Methods = 21
• A Leading Theorist = 21
• A Leading Experimenter = 22
• A Leading Inventor, Innovator, and Diffuser = 22
• Developing Audio Encoding and Decoding Equipment = 24
• Producing a Carrier Wave = 25
• Detecting the Signal = 25
• Developing Storage and Retrieval Methods = 29
• Cylinder and Disc Recording = 29
• Magnetic Recording = 30
• The Emergence of Radio Broadcasting = 30
• The Point-to-Point Forerunners = 30
• The Dawn of Broadcasting = 34
• Business and the Broadcasting Age = 37
• The Radio Boom = 38
• Early Broadcasting Conditions = 38
• The Maturation of Radio Broadcasting = 39
• Finding a Means of Support = 39
• Discord in the Industry = 40
• The Rise of Networks = 41
• The Growth of Regulation = 41
• Summary = 42
• Notes = 43
• Recommended Reading = 43
• Chapter 3 The Development of Television Communication = 45
• Developing Video Encoding and Decoding Techniques = 45
• Underlying Visual Principles = 46
• Developing Visual Devices = 46
• The Bases of Television = 47
• The Principle of Dissection = 47
• The Principle of Scanning = 47
• The Development of Mechanical Television = 49
• The Development of All-Electronic Television = 49
• The Invention of Color Television = 51
• TV Stereo = 51
• Developing Storage and Retrieval Methods = 51
• The Kinescoping Process = 51
• Videotape Recording = 51
• The Dawn of Television Broadcasting = 52
• The Mechanical Period = 53
• The Arrival of All-Electronic Television = 54
• Authorizing Television Operation = 54
• The Maturation of Television Broadcasting = 55
• The TV Freeze = 55
• The UHF Problem = 56
• The Development of Color = 57
• The Cable Revolution = 58
• Summary = 58
• Notes = 59
• Recommended Reading = 59
• PART Ⅱ THE SENDERS
• Chapter 4 Commercial Radio and Television Stations = 61
• The Licensee = 62
• Getting a License = 62
• Single Owners = 63
• Group Ownership = 63
• Station Personnel = 65
• Management = 65
• Business Operations = 65
• Programming = 66
• News = 66
• Sales = 66
• Engineering = 68
• Station Facilities = 69
• Radio = 69
• Television = 70
• Outside Affiliations = 72
• Local Groups = 72
• National Groups = 72
• Network Affiliation = 73
• Classification of Radio Stations = 73
• Modulation = 73
• Power = 75
• Directionality = 76
• Hours of Operation = 76
• Classification of Television Stations = 77
• Very High Frequency(VHF) = 77
• UltraHigh Frequency(UHF) = 77
• Power Limitations = 77
• Low-Power Television Stations(LPTV) = 78
• Translators = 78
• Summary = 78
• Recommended Reading = 79
• Chapter 5 Commercial Networks and Syndicators = 81
• Types of Networks = 81
• Full-Service Networks = 81
• Cable Networks = 84
• Regional Networks = 84
• Special Networks = 84
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Networks = 84
• Advantages = 84
• Disadvantages = 86
• Development of the Networks = 86
• The National Broadcasting Company(NBC) = 86
• The Columbia Broadcasting System(CBS) = 88
• The American Broadcasting Company(ABC) = 90
• The Mutual Broadcasting System(MBS) = 91
• Network-Station Relationships = 91
• Affiliation Contracts = 91
• Network-Station Compensation = 92
• Clearance and Preemption = 92
• Program Syndicators = 92
• The Syndication Process = 93
• Types of Syndicated Programs = 93
• Program Exclusivity = 94
• Summary = 94
• Notes = 95
• Recommended Reading = 95
• Chapter 6 Public Stations and Networks = 97
• The Nomenclature of Public Broadcasting = 97
• Public Radio Stations = 98
• AM Stations = 98
• FM Stations = 98
• Public Television Stations = 99
• Instructional Television Fixed Service(ITFS) = 100
• Public Broadcasting Networks = 100
• Television Networks = 100
• Radio Networks = 101
• Ownership of Public Broadcasting Stations = 102
• Universities = 102
• School Systems = 102
• States and Cities = 102
• Community Groups = 102
• The Role of Foundations = 103
• The Ford Foundation = 103
• The Carnegie Foundation = 103
• Other Foundations = 104
• The Role of Government = 104
• The Educational Television Facilities Act = 104
• The Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 = 104
• Problems and Controversies = 105
• The Financial Problem = 105
• Sources of Financial Support = 105
• The Validity of Tax Support = 108
• The Political Factor = 108
• Internal Strife = 108
• Summary = 109
• Notes = 109
• Recommended Reading = 109
• Chapter 7 Cable and Other Distribution Systems = 111
• Cable = 111
• The Distribution of Cable Signals = 111
• The Beginning of Cable = 113
• Regulation of Cable = 114
• Cable Franchises = 116
• Copyright = 116
• Cable Programming Services = 117
• Other Distribution Systems = 121
• Subscription Television or Pay-TV = 121
• Multipoint Distribution Service(MDS) = 122
• Satellite Master Antenna Television System(SMATV) = 123
• Direct Broadcast Satellites = 124
• Videocassette Recorders = 124
• Summary = 125
• Notes = 125
• Recommended Reading = 125
• Chapter 8 Advertisers = 127
• The Evolution of Advertising Support = 127
• The First Advertisers = 128
• Reservations About Advertising = 128
• Advertising Effectiveness = 129
• The Advantages of Broadcast Advertising = 129
• The Disadvantages of Broadcast Advertising = 130
• The Advertiser's Concerns = 131
• Audience Size = 131
• Audience Makeup = 132
• Cost Effectiveness = 132
• Advertising Arrangements = 132
• The Advertiser's Participation = 134
• Scheduling Commercials = 135
• Rates = 136
• Service Units = 137
• The Advertiser's Units = 138
• The Broadcaster's Units = 138
• Independent Units = 138
• Summary = 140
• Notes = 140
• Recommended Reading = 140
• Chapter 9 Governments as Senders = 141
• Purposes of International Broadcasting = 141
• The Transmission of International Programming = 142
• International Broadcasting by the United States = 142
• The Voice of America(VOA) = 142
• Worldnet = 145
• The American Forces Radio and Television Service = 146
• Radio in the American Sector, Radio Free Europe, and Radio Liberty = 147
• Radio Marti and TV Marti = 148
• International Broadcasting by Other Free Nations = 148
• British International Broadcasting = 148
• West German International Broadcasting = 149
• Canadian International Broadcasting = 149
• International Broadcasting by Communist Nations = 149
• Clandestine Broadcasting = 149
• Defending Against International Broadcasts = 150
• Jamming = 150
• Restrictions on Listening = 151
• Commercial and Private International Broadcasters = 151
• Commercial Broadcasters = 151
• Religious Broadcasters = 151
• Domestic Overflow = 151
• International Broadcasting Organizations = 152
• Allocating Frequencies = 152
• Programming Groups = 152
• Technical Facilities = 153
• Summary = 154
• Recommended Reading = 154
• PART Ⅲ THE MESSAGES
• Chapter 10 Commercial Programming = 155
• The Development of Programming = 156
• Radio Program Development = 156
• Television Program Development = 157
• Types of Programming = 157
• Dramatic Programs = 157
• Comedy and Variety = 162
• Sports Programs = 163
• Game Shows = 164
• Music Programs = 166
• Talk Shows = 166
• News Programming = 167
• Public-Affairs Programming = 171
• Documentaries = 172
• Informational Services = 174
• Programs for Special Audiences = 174
• Programs for Children = 174
• Programs for People Interested in Religion = 175
• Programs for Foreign-Language and Ethnic Groups = 177
• Trends in Programming = 177
• Radio in the Television Age = 177
• Trends in TV Programming = 179
• Programming Techniques and Strategies = 180
• Scheduling Considerations = 180
• Scheduling Arrangements = 182
• Strategies for Building Audiences = 182
• Programming Issues = 184
• Possible Detrimental Effects = 184
• Superficiality and Mediocrity = 184
• Potential Versus Practice = 185
• Summary = 185
• Notes = 186
• Recommended Reading = 186
• Chapter 11 Public and Educational Programming = 189
• The Nature of Public Programming = 189
• News and Public Affairs = 190
• Informational Programming = 191
• Drama = 191
• Music = 191
• Programs for Children = 192
• Practical Education = 194
• Ethnic and Minority Programming = 194
• Comedy and Variety = 194
• Sports = 194
• Programming Arrangements = 195
• Network Relationships = 195
• Prime and Fringe Time = 196
• Assessing Public Programming's Role = 196
• Educational Programming = 197
• Defining Educational Programming = 198
• Types of Educational Programming = 198
• The Development of Educational Programming = 198
• Education by Radio = 199
• Education by Television = 199
• Evaluating Educational Broadcasting = 200
• Advantages of Television = 201
• Disadvantages of Television = 201
• Summary = 203
• Notes = 203
• Recommended Reading = 203
• Chapter 12 The Production Process = 205
• Program Producers = 205
• Internal Producers = 206
• External Producers = 206
• Production Personnel = 207
• The Producer Group = 208
• The Directing Group = 209
• Production Specialists = 209
• Unions = 210
• From Idea to Program = 211
• The Source of Ideas = 211
• Gaining Acceptance = 211
• The Preproduction Phase = 213
• Producing the Program = 213
• Postproduction = 214
• Financing Programs = 215
• Employee Compensation = 216
• Producing Nondramatic Programs = 216
• Careers in Broadcasting = 217
• Types of Employment Opportunities = 218
• Preparing for a Broadcasting Career = 220
• Gaining Entry into Broadcasting = 221
• Minorities and Women in Broadcasting = 223
• Summary = 226
• Recommended Reading = 226
• Chapter 13 Commercials = 229
• Classification of Commercials = 229
• Message Intensity = 229
• Content = 230
• Production Technique = 231
• Creating Commercials = 232
• Gathering Information = 233
• The Persuasive Framework = 233
• Finding a Key Selling Idea = 235
• Achieving Memorability = 236
• Constructing the Commercial = 236
• Testing the Commercial = 238
• Trends in Commercials = 240
• Changes in Content = 240
• Commercial Length and Number = 242
• Controversies About Commercials = 243
• Complaints About Advertising in General = 244
• Complaints About Commercials = 244
• Summary = 247
• Notes = 248
• Recommended Reading = 248
• PART Ⅳ CHANNELS
• Chapter 14 The Physical Bases of Broadcasting = 249
• The Miracle of Broadcasting = 249
• Atoms = 250
• Electromagnetic Energy = 250
• The Electromagnetic Spectrum = 250
• The Radio Wave Spectrum = 251
• Technical Requirements for Broadcasting = 252
• Characteristics of Waves = 252
• Wave Generation = 253
• Wave Propagation = 254
• Modulation = 255
• Detection = 257
• The Audio Process = 257
• The Video Process = 257
• Film = 258
• Television = 260
• Color Television = 262
• TV Audio = 262
• High-Definition Television = 264
• Summary = 265
• Recommended Reading = 266
• Chapter 15 The Equipment of Broadcasting = 267
• Radio Equipment = 267
• Microphones = 268
• Phonograph Records = 269
• Compact Discs = 270
• Audiotape Recorders = 270
• Audio Mixing Board = 272
• Automated Operations = 273
• Television Equipment = 274
• Cameras = 274
• Camera Head and Control Unit = 274
• Film Chain/Telecine = 278
• Video Effects Unit =278
• Mixing = 278
• Monitors = 280
• Videotape Recorders = 280
• Video Editing = 282
• Distribution = 283
• Transmitters = 283
• Long-Distance Distribution = 284
• Summary = 289
• Recommended Reading = 289
• PART Ⅴ RECEIVERS
• Chapter 16 Effects on Individuals and Society = 291
• Functions of Television and Radio = 292
• Surveillance = 292
• Correlation = 293
• Transmission of the Culture = 293
• Entertainment = 293
• The Nature of Audiences = 294
• Stimulus-Response = 294
• Individual Differences = 294
• Social Categories and Social Relations = 294
• Effects on Individuals = 295
• Attitude Change = 295
• Children = 297
• Violence = 299
• Effects on Society = 302
• News = 302
• Social Change = 303
• Entertainment = 304
• Summary = 305
• Notes = 305
• Recommended Reading = 306
• Chapter 17 Effects on Politics and Public Affairs = 307
• Radio and Politics = 307
• Radio and Election Campaigns = 307
• Radio and Demagoguery = 308
• The Attributes of Television = 309
• The Significance of Image = 310
• The Selectivity and Distortions of Television = 312
• The Reciprocal Effect = 313
• Emphasis on Conflict and Sensation = 313
• The Prevalence of the Sound Bite = 314
• Television's Influence on Political Choices = 314
• Selecting Candidates = 314
• Electing Candidates = 315
• Television and Campaign Costs = 320
• Early Projections of Election results = 320
• Some Early Projections = 320
• Effects of Early Projections = 321
• Proposed Remedies = 321
• Presidential Broadcasting = 322
• Presidential Use of Television = 322
• Effects of Presidential Broadcasting = 323
• Congressional Broadcasting = 323
• Televising Committee Hearings = 323
• Televising House and Senate Sessions = 324
• Television Coverage of Public Events = 324
• The Effect on Governmental Policies = 324
• Broadcasting from the Courtroom = 327
• Summary = 328
• Notes = 329
• Recommended Reading = 329
• PART Ⅵ RESTRAINTS
• Chapter 18 The Nature of Primary Regulation = 331
• The Communications Act of 1934 = 332
• The Evolution of the Communications Act = 332
• Principles Underlying the Communications Act = 334
• Broadcasting and Freedom of Speech = 336
• Safeguarding the Broadcaster's Freedom = 337
• Restricting the Broadcaster's Freedom = 337
• The Federal Communications Commission = 338
• The Powers of the FCC = 338
• Responsibilities of the FCC = 339
• Restraints on the FCC = 339
• Organization and Operation of the FCC = 339
• Criticisms of the FCC = 341
• The Licensing of Stations = 342
• Acquiring a License = 343
• Renewing a License = 343
• The Executive Branch and Broadcasting = 344
• State and Local Regulation = 345
• Self-Regulation by the Industry = 345
• Summary = 347
• Notes = 347
• Recommended Reading = 347
• Chapter 19 Primary Regulation in Action = 349
• Upholding the Public Interest = 349
• License Deletions and Renewals = 349
• Favoring Minorities and Women = 353
• The Emergency Broadcast System(EBS) = 353
• The Prevention of Monopoly = 353
• General Ownership Restrictions = 353
• Restrictions on Networks = 355
• Freedom of Speech and Access = 357
• Stations and Political Candidates = 357
• Developing the Fairness Doctrine = 358
• Obscene, Indecent, and Profane Material = 361
• FCC Statements on Policy = 364
• The Deregulatory Trend = 365
• The Nature of Broadcasting Deregulation = 365
• Moving Back to Regulation = 366
• Summary = 366
• Notes = 367
• Recommended Reading = 367
• Chapter 20 The Nature of Secondary Regulation = 369
• Secondary Regulation on the Federal Level = 369
• The Federal Trade Commission = 369
• Other Federal Agencies and Broadcasting = 371
• The Copyright Law = 372
• Secondary Regulation on the State Level = 375
• The Definition of Defamation = 376
• The Evolution of Libel Law = 376
• Guidelines for Broadcasters = 378
• The Right of Privacy = 379
• Summary = 379
• Notes = 380
• Recommended Reading = 380
• PART Ⅶ FEEDBACK
• Chapter 21 The Measurement of Audiences = 381
• The Sampling Process = 382
• Sampling Theory = 382
• Steps in Sampling = 384
• Measurement Terms = 385
• Techniques for Gathering Data = 387
• Establishing Coverage = 388
• Establishing Audience Size = 389
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Systems = 390
• Current Measurements of Audience Size = 391
• Measuring Audience Reactions = 394
• Measuring Adherence to Commercial Scheduling = 395
• Problems with Audience Measurement = 396
• The Accuracy of Ratings = 396
• Misinterpreting the Results = 400
• The Impact of Ratings = 401
• Living with Ratings = 402
• Some Measurement Findings = 403
• Viewing and Listening Statistics = 403
• Equipment Figures = 404
• Program Rankings = 404
• Summary = 404
• Notes = 405
• Recommended Reading = 405
• Chapter 22 Governmental and Public Feedback = 407
• Governmental Feedback = 407
• Feedback from the FCC = 407
• Feedback from Congress = 409
• Feedback from the Administration = 409
• Feedback from the Audience = 411
• Responses from the Regular Audience = 411
• Organized Responses = 412
• Boycotts = 413
• Letters to Advertisers = 413
• Awards and Prizes = 414
• Blacklisting = 414
• Feedback from the Industry = 416
• Popular Criticism = 416
• Criticism in the Press = 416
• Self Criticism by the Industry = 417
• Effects of Criticism = 417
• Scholarly Criticism = 417
• The Scholarly journals = 417
• Individual Scholars = 417
• Summary = 419
• Notes = 419
• Recommended Reading = 419
• PART Ⅷ EPILOGUE
• Chapter 23 Comparative National Systems = 421
• The British Broadcasting System = 422
• The Initial British System = 422
• The Influential Forces = 423
• Forces for Change = 424
• Changes in British Broadcasting = 425
• Resistance to Governmental Control = 430
• Restraints on Broadcasters = 431
• The Canadian Broadcasting System = 431
• The Major Influences = 432
• The Regulatory Structure = 433
• Other National Systems = 433
• Political Influences = 433
• Cultural Influences = 435
• Summary = 435
• Notes = 436
• Recommended Reading = 436
• Chapter 24 A Look into the Future = 437
• Influences on Technological Change = 437
• HDTV, AM Stereo, 3D-TV = 439
• From Mechanical to Electronic = 440
• From Analog to Digital = 441
• Delivery Systems = 441
• Cable = 442
• DBS = 443
• Videocassettes = 444
• The Networks = 444
• Programming = 445
• Summary = 445
• Recommended Reading = 446
• Index = 447