미술관 관람자 대화분석을 통한 소통 활성화 방안 연구 － 성인 관람자를 중심으로 = A Strategy for Facilitating Visitors’ Communication from Analysis of Adult Museum Visitors’ Conversations

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study was to investigate a strategy for facilitating visitors’communication in museums from analysis of adult museum visitors’conversations in art museum galleries. The study examined the experience of 40 adult individuals in order to explore the verbal interaction of conversation of visitors in art museums. Also, the study investigates how the conversations and interactions affect the individual’s learning experience with artworks in the art museums. The conversations of participants were audio-taped following the participants’ completion of background information questionnaire. Individual and comparative analyses of the conversations were conducted to gain insight into the nature of the interactions between visitors with attention to both verbal and nonverbal characteristics. The results revealed that adult museum visitors interact with each other through constructing mutual/communal conclusions through parallel exchange of individual understanding, dialogic teaching process with a participant who share information about the artworks, guided participation with a participant who facilitate the others’ meaningful meaningmaking, unmeaningful conversations with a passive opinion-taker, and conversation with a participant with oppositional approach in the conversation. The differences of process of social interactions were affected by the frequency of museum visit, or the level of art-related knowledge of each individual. The various social interactions in conversations was categorized in self-reflective process and promotive process. Individual understandings that represented in the beginning of the conversation were changed or promoted to creative or more-involved meaning-making of artworks through self-reflective processes and promotive processes. However, visitors, who felt unfamiliar with the way of making questions for art-inquiry with the artworks, or with the atmosphere of museum environment, were not participated the conversations successfully. Based on these results, the study suggested practices for facilitating intriguing social interaction of museum visitors in the art museums or of planning ways to create participatory environment in the art museums.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 글은 미술관 성인 관람자가 미술관에 전시된 작품에 관해 나누는 대화를 분석하여 관람자의 자발적 탐구와 그들 간의 소통을 활성화 할 수 있는 방안을 모색하는데 목적이 있다. 미국 플로리다 주립대학교 미술관과 국립현대미술관에 방문한 미술관 관람객 총 60명의 대화를 총 8개월간에 걸쳐 수집해 대화 안에서의 각 관람자의 역할과 상호작용 과정, 그리고 대화가 관람자의 교육경험 형성에 미친 효과를 검토하였다. 그 결과, 성인 관람자들의 대화 내 상호작용 과정은 병렬적 의견 교환을 통한 소통적 결론을 형성하는 형태, 참여자의 직접적인 관련정보 제공에 의한 대화체 지도형식의 형태, 다른 참여자의 생산적 감상을 돕는 참여자에 의한 인도적 참여형태, 비협조적 참여자로 인한 비생산적 대화, 의견차이로 인한 토론/상호적 결론을 비도출한 과정 등으로 분류되었다. 이러한 상호작용 형태의 차이는 각 관람자의 미술관 관람빈도, 작품에 대한 관련 정보의 정도 등이 영향을 미친 것으로 나타났다. 다양한 상호작용 과정은 크게 자기 반영과정과 촉진과정으로 구분되었는데, 대화를 통한 의견교환 이전에 제시된 개인적 이해들은 자기의견과 타인의 의견을 비교분석하며 재구성하는 자기 반영과정과 타인과 미술관에서 제공하는 정보 등에 의해 자극된 지식 및 경험의 활용에 따른 촉진과정을 통해 보다 비평적이거나 상호 보완된 이해로 발달되는 모습을 보임을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 탐구를 위한 질문이나 호기심을 형성시키는 방법이나 미술관 환경 등에 낯설음을 느낀 관람자들의 경우 소극적인 반응으로 대화에 적절히 참여하지 못하는 등의 모습을 보임을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 본 논문에서는 미술관에서 관람자들이 보다 활발하고 의미 있는 소통을 나누게 하기 위해 참고할 수 있는 시사점과 교육 방안을 제시하였다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 양지연, "미술관과 소통: 미적발달 단계의 이론적 탐색과 적용" 39-56, 2011

2 국립현대미술관, "국립현대미술관 관람객 조사보고서" 국립현대미술관 2007

3 Yankelovich, D., "The magic of dialogue: Transforming conflict into cooperation" NY: Simon & Schuster 1999

4 Henning, J. E., "The art of discussion-based teaching: opening up conversation in the classroom" NY: Routledge 2008

5 Kim, H., "Survey about museum visit of adult visitors for planning education programs: Focusing on Florida State University Museum of Fine Art, Florida State University of Fine Art, Unpublished article" 2009

6 Mayer, M. M., "Scintillating conversations in art museums. In: From periphery to center: Art museum education in the 21st century" National Art Education Association 2007

7 Villeneuve, P, "Rethinking the gallery learning experience through inquiry. In: From periphery to center: Art museum education in the 21s tcentury" Reston, VA: National Art Education Association 2007

8 Smithsonian Institution, "Results of the 2004 Smithsonian-wide survey of museum visitors" Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Office of Policy and Analysis 2004

9 Kim, H., "Paired conversations of adult museum visitors in front of works of art" Tallahassee, FL: Florida State University 2011

10 Hein, G. E., "Museum education. In: A companion to museum studies" Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing 2006

11 Vygotsky, L., "Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes" Cambridge, Massachuchet: Harvard University Press 1978

12 Falk, J. H., "Living in a learning society: Museums and free-choice learning. In: A companion to museum studies" Malden, MA: Blackwell 2006

13 Leinhardt, G, "Listening in on museum conversations" Altamira Press 2004

14 Johnson, D. W, "Learning together & Alone: Cooperative, competitive, & individualistic learning(2nd ed.)" NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc 1987

15 Hein, G. E., "Learning in the museum" NY: Routledge 1998

16 Falk, J. H, "Learning from museums: Visitor experiences and the making of meaning" AltaMira Press 2000

17 Wardhaugh, R., "How conversation works" Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell Publisher 1985

18 Kuhn, D., "Education for thinking" Cambridge University Press 2005

19 Noddings, N., "Educating moral people: A caring alternative to character education" NY: Teachers College Press 2002

20 Mckay, S. W, "Dialogic looking: Beyond the mediated experienc" 56 (56): 40-45, 2003

21 Cropley, A., "Creativity: A social approach" 28 (28): 125-130, 2006

22 Slavin, R. E., "Cooperative learning: Theory, research, and practice(2nded.)" Boston, MA: Allynand Bacon 1995

23 Sidnell, J., "Conversational turn-taking in a Caribbean English Creole" 33 : 1263-1290, 2001

24 Psathas, G., "Conversation analysis: The study of talk-in-interaction" Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications 1995

25 Markee, N., "Conversation analysis" Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc 2000

26 Hein, G. E., "Constructivist learning theory. In: Developing museum exhibitions for lifelong learning" London: The Stationery Office 1996

27 Zander, M. J., "Becoming dialogical: Creating a place for dialogue in art education" 57 (57): 48-53, 2004

28 Erickson, M., "Art making and meaning: Understanding art through questions" Tucson, AZ: Crizmac 2005

29 양지연, "2006 아르코미술관 이용자 연구" 한국문화예술위원회 2006