바울의 종말론에 나타난 새 시대 삶의 원리로서의 성령 = The holy spirit as the principle of life in the new era in Paul's eschatology

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 논문은 성령이 바울의 종말론에 나타난 새 시대 그리스도인의 삶을 이끄 는 원리적 위치에 계심을 바울서신 안에 어떻게 나타나고 있는지를 밝힌다. 바울신학에서 구원론과 종말론은 나눠서 생각할 수 없는 주제이다. 신자의 구원에 대한 충분한 이해를 위해 반드시 종말론적인 이해가 필요하다. 이것은 칭의에 관한 개념이해와 구원의 시점에 대한 견해에서 더욱 두드러진다. 그러 나 이 문제는 좀 더 복잡하다. 성령의 역할과 인간의 특성을 이해하지 못하면 충분하게 이해할 수 없다. 특히 바울신학의 저변에 있는 성령의 역할에 대한 바울의 이해를 충분히 다루지 않는다면 그 문제를 해결하기란 불가능하다. 이 에 본 논문은 새 시대 삶의 원리로서 성령을 제시하며 그 복잡한 문제를 풀어 내는 시도를 하였다. 본 논문은 바울의 종말론 특징인 “두 세대”(‘이 세대와 오는 세대’)의 구조 (엡 1:21)와 “이미 그러나 아직 아니”(Already But Not Yet)의 역설적 이해를 기반으로 한다. 신자의 구원에 있어 믿음과 행함은 이 두 개념 사이에 어떤 관계가 있는지 그리고 그 가운데 성령은 어떤 역할과 범위와 위치에서 역사하 시는지 바울서신 안에서 그 답을 찾는다. 본 논문은 바울의 종말론을 이해할 수 있는 “이미 그러나 아직 아니”의 틀 에서 구속 사관으로 “두 세대”를 읽어내며, 성령의 역할과 위치와 범위에 대 한 이해를 기반으로 성령이 새 시대를 사는 신자의 삶에 어떻게 관여하시는지 밝힌다.
본 논문은 위의 도식과 같이 바울의 종말론에서 신구약을 관통하는 구속 사 관으로 두 세대를 재조명하였다. 또한, 두 세대 가운데 겹친 시대를 사는 신자 에게 성령이 어떻게 관여하는지를 주석적 방법을 통해 밝힌다. 이처럼 구속 사관과 주석적 방법을 통한 연구 결과로 신자의 구원이 완전하게 이루어진 하 나님의 은혜임을 확증하고 신자가 성령을 따라 살아야 하는 삶의 당위적 지향 점을 강조한다. 이런 과정에서 ‘이미’와 ‘아직 아니’ 사이에 혼란스러운 칭의의 시점에 대한 개념을 성령의 역할을 통해 설득한다. 따라서 신자의 구원은 예수 그리스도를 믿음으로 ‘의’에 이르게 하신 성령의 사역을 통해 이루어진 것으로서 ‘이미’ 완 전하게 성취되었음을 주장한다. 이것은 신자의 구원이 ‘아직 아니’의 기간을 가지고 있지만 ‘이미’ 안에 있는 ‘이미’의 진행으로서의 ‘아직 아니’ 인 것이지, 결코 미완성의 ‘이미’를 완성해 가는 과정이 아님을 바울이 사용한 ‘메타포’를 통해 밝힌다. 성령은 신자의 삶을 새 시대에 맞게 이끄시는 하나님의 능력으로 신자에게 임재하신다. 따라서 현재 신자에게 주어진 구원의 실체는 미완성이 아니며 더 보충이 필요하지 않은 구원의 완전한 성취라는 점에서 완전하다.
본 연구는 신자 됨의 칭의와 실천적인 삶에 있어서 성령의 절대적인 영향력 을 강조하였으며 신자에게 성령의 필요와 의존성은 절대적임을 강조하였다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서 론···························································································································1
• A. 문제 제기 ················································································································2
• 1. ‘이신칭의’는 오직 믿음인가 행함의 결과인가? ···········································2
• 2. 신자의 칭의과 행함에서 성령은 어디 계신가? ·········································8
• 3. 바울의 성령 이해에 대한 연구사 ·······························································12
• B. 연구 목적과 의의 ····························································································29
• C. 연구 방법과 절차································································································30
• Ⅱ. “이미 그러나 아직 아니”의 틀에서 구원의 이해 ···········································34
• A. 언약적 두 세대 이해와 새 구조 ······································································35
• 1. 종말론적 두 세대의 견해들···········································································37
• 1) 어거스틴(Augustinus)의 직선적 시간관················································37
• 2) 오스카 쿨만(Oscar Cullmann)의 구속사적 두 세대····························38
• 3) 게할더스 보스(Geerhardus Vos)의 두 세대 ·········································40
• 4) 조지 래드(G.E. Ladd)의 두 세대 ·····························································42
• 5) 제임스 던(James D.G. Dunn)이 이해한 두 세대의 구조 ··············43
• 2. 언약에 대한 바울의 이해로 본 두 세대의 새 구조·································46
• B. 구원에 대한 종말론적 이해··············································································50
• 1. 구원(칭의)에 대한 ‘이미’와 ‘아직 아니’의 이해········································50
• 2. 구원의 근거가 되는 칭의에 있어서 믿음과 행함의 관계·······················56
• C. 결론························································································································61
• Ⅲ. 구약과 제2성전기 하나님의 영 이해·································································62
• A. 구약에 나타난 성령 이해··················································································62
• 1. ‘루아흐’(ַ חּ )רו 의 이해·······················································································64
• 1) 이스라엘 초기 “하나님의 영”에 대한 이해···········································66
• 2) 사사 시대에서 통일왕국 시대··································································67
• 3) 분열 왕국 시대에서 바벨론 포로기까지················································67
• 4) 포로귀환 이후 회복의 시대······································································71
• 2. 바울서신에서 사용한 구약 본문···································································75
• B. 제2성전기 성령 이해··························································································77
• 1. 솔로몬의 지혜서와 솔로몬의 시편·······························································78
• 2. 집회서(Sirach) ··································································································80
• 3. 수산나·················································································································81
• 4. 에녹서·················································································································81
• 5. 쿰란 문헌···········································································································82
• 6. 요세푸스(Josephus) ·························································································86
• C. 결론 ······················································································································87
• Ⅳ. 바울서신에 나타난 성령의 대립 명제·······························································88
• A. 로마서 7장과 8장의 주석적 이해····································································88
• 1. 로마서 7:6, 25에 대한 주석적 이해 ·····························································89
• 1) 로마서 7:1-6 ·································································································90
• 2) 로마서 7:7-25의 ‘나’의 정체성·································································95
• 3) 로마서 7:7-25 ·······························································································99
• 2. 로마서 8:1-17에 대한 주석적 이해···························································105
• 1) 새 시대에 대한 선언으로서의 “생명의 성령의 법”(롬 8:1-4)········106
• 2) 성령 안에서의 삶과 육신 속에서의 삶 대비(롬 8:5-8)····················118
• 3) 새 시대와 부활의 확증(롬 8:9-11)························································122
• 4) 신자의 마땅한 의무와 성령의 역할(롬 8:12-13)································124
• 5) 양자의 영(롬 8:14-17)··············································································127
• 3. 결론···················································································································133
• B. 바울이 이해한 성령과 육신············································································134
• 1. 바울의 성령 이해···························································································136
• 1) 종말론적인 새 언약의 영········································································139
• 2) 하나님의 형상으로의 새 창조의 영······················································140
• 3) 아브라함의 복과 언약 성취의 핵심요인··············································144
• 4) 지혜와 계시의 성령··················································································145
• 5) 구원을 위해 역사하시는 성령································································146
• 6) 부활의 보증으로서 약속의 성령 ··························································148
• 2. 바울의 ‘소마’(σῶμα)와 ‘사륵스’(σάρξ)의 이해··········································150 1) ‘소마’(σῶμα)에 대한 바울의 이해··························································151 2) ‘사륵스’(σάρξ)에 대한 바울의 이해·······················································154
• (1) 중립적 ···································································································155
• (2) 연약함 ···································································································156
• (3) 신의 능력에 대조되는 제한적인 인간·············································156
• (4) 도덕적 부정함의 상징·········································································157
• (5) 성령과의 대립으로서의 ‘사륵스’ ·······················································157
• (6) 율법의 기능과 대립으로서의 ‘사륵스’ ·············································158
• (7) 죄의 교두보로서의 ‘사륵스’ ·······························································158
• 3. 성령과 육신의 대조·······················································································162
• 4. 육신을 극복하는 원리적 원인으로서의 성령 ·········································164
• Ⅴ. ‘아직 아니’의 확증으로 ‘이미’를 강조하는 성령에 관한 바울의 메타포····167 A. ‘보증금’(ἀρραβών)의 은유와 성령의 사역적 위치 ·····································169 B. ‘첫 열매’(ἀπαρχή)라는 은유에서 성령의 역할과 그 신실함····················173 C. ‘인치다’(σφραγίζω)라는 은유에서 성령의 역할과 권위····························176
• D. 결론······················································································································178
• Ⅵ. 성령과 신자의 지향점·························································································183
• A. 직설법과 명령법의 구조··················································································184
• 1. 직설법과 명령법 구조에 대한 견해들 ·······················································186
• 2. 바울서신의 직설법과 명령법의 구조에서 보여주는 성령의 역할·······191
• 1) 갈라디아서 5:1, 4-6, 16-18 ·····································································192
• 2) 데살로니가전서 4:1, 8··············································································196
• 3) 로마서 12:1-2 ·····························································································199
• 4) 에베소서 4:1-3···························································································205
• 5) 골로새서 3:1-2···························································································208
• 6) 결론··············································································································211 B. ‘데이’(δεῖ)의 당위적 지향성···········································································213
• 1. 데살로니가전서 4:1························································································213
• 2. 로마서 8:26-27·······························································································215
• 3. 로마서 12:3 ······································································································217
• 4. 디모데후서 2:24-26 ·······················································································219
• C. 새 시대 신자의 영적 지향점··········································································221
• 1. 갈라디아서 5:16-26 ·······················································································222
• 2. 로마서 8:12-14·······························································································225
• 3. 로마서 12:1-2·································································································226
• 4. 에베소서 3:16-19 ···························································································228
• D. 새 시대 성령의 지향점····················································································231
• Ⅶ. 종합적 결론···········································································································233
• 참고문헌 ······················································································································238
• 약어표 ··························································································································255
• ABSTRACT ··············································································································256