노화가 학습 능력에 미치는 영향 = How Aging Affects Human Learning Ability?

국문 초록 (Abstract)

연령이 증가하면서 일어나는 변화 중의 하나는 새로운 지식과 기술을 습득하는 능력의 변화이다. 주어진 정보를 효과적으로 부호화 하고 저장하는 것뿐만 아니라, 주어진 정보를 바탕으로 새로운 정보를 추리하고 의미를 구성하는 것과 같은 다양한 인지 과정이 새로운 지식과 기술의 습득에 관여한다. 본 논문에서는 학습에 관여하는 여러 인지 과정들이 연령에 따라 어떻게 변화하는지를 살펴보았다. 연령의 효과는 복합적이어서 연령이 증가함에 따라 수행이 저하하는 인지 과정이 존재하는 동시에, 나이와 상관없이 일정한 수준을 유지하는 인지 과정, 그리고 연령이 증가하면서 향상되는 인지 과정도 존재한다. 마지막으로 노화 과정에서 나타나는 개인차에 영향을 주는 요인들을 살펴보았다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Our ability to learn new knowledge and skills changes as we age. A wide range of cognitive processes are involved in the successful acquisition of knowledge and skills. This paper examined the effect of aging on various cognitive processes involved in learning and categorized cognitive processes into three groups: (1) cognitive processes that decline with age, (2) processes that more or less maintain its level of performance throughout the lifespan, and (3) processes that improve or manifest qualitative change with age. Lastly, sources of individual differences in the aging processes were discussed.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 "노화의 인지신경기전" 16 (16): 317-336, 2004

2 "나이와 교육수준에 따른 한국 노인들의 인지 특성" 9-23, 2004

3 "Working memory and aging: Deficit or strategy differences?" 4 (4): 58-73, 1997

4 "Why do semantic priming effects increase in old age? A meta-analysis" 9 : 34-43, 1993

5 "Understanding unfamiliar words: The influence of processing resources, vocabulary knowledge, and age." 15 (15): 335-350, 2000

6 "Understanding unfamiliar words in young, young-old, and old-old adults: Inferential processing and the abstraction-deficit hypothesis." 18 (18): 497-509, 2003

7 "Training programs to improve learning in later adulthood: Helping older adults educate themselves." Erlbaum. 249-275, 1998

8 "The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition" 103 (103): 403-428, 1996

9 "That's the way it was:Age differences in structure and quality of adults' personal narratives" 14 : 73-85, 1991

10 "Response latencies for false memories Gist-based processes in normal aging" 13 (13): 230-241, 1998

11 "Relationships between self-reported physical and mental health and intelligence performance across adulthood Journal of Gerontology" 145-155, 1990

12 "Refinement and test of the theory of fluid and crystallized general intelligences" 57 (57): 253-270, 1966

13 "Refinement and test of the theory of fluid and crystallized general intelligence" 57 : 253-270, 1966

14 "Qualitative age differences in memory for text" 323-336, 1991

15 "Origins of individual differences in episodic memory in the oldest-old A population-based study of identical and same-sex fraternal twins aged 80 or older" 54 : 173-179, 1999

16 "Old words, new meanings: Aging and sense creation" 35 : 689-707, 1996

17 "Metaphoric processing in the mature years" 22 : 373-384, 1979

18 "Memory for text materials in adulthood" Academic Press 1984

19 "Memory for prose and aging Cognitive development in adulthood Progress in cognitive development research" Springer-Verlag 133-158, 1988

20 "Memory and cognitive abilities in university professors Evidence for successful aging" 6 (6): 271-277, 1995

21 "Memory and aging:Four hypotheses in search of data" 42 : 333-376, 1991

22 "Life-span changes in implicit and explicit memory Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society" 353-358, 1990

23 "Levels of processing A framework for memory research Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior" 671-684, 1972

24 "Language comprehension in old age" 11 : 412-429, 1979

25 "K-MAS (Korean version of Memory Assessment Scales) 표준화 예비 연구" 18 (18): 221-241, 1999

26 "Interfaces between cognitive research and everyday problem solving" sin (sin): 146-168, 1985

27 "Inferential reasoning in old age" 9 : 59-72, 1981

28 "Implicit and explicit memory in young and older adults Journal of Experimental Psychology" 531-541, 1987

29 "Implicit and explicit assessment of cognitive aging Cognitive development in adulthood Progress in cognitive development research" Springer-Verlag 3-37, 1988

30 "Human memory." Erlbaum. 293-357, 2000

31 "Effects of age and skill in typing Journal of Experimental Psychology" 345-371, 1984

32 "Education and decline in cognitive performance Compensatory but not protective" 12 : 323-330, 1997

33 "Does prospective memory decline with age?" Erlbaum. 173-198, 1996

34 "Differential generic influence for components of memory in aging adult twins" 56 : 1127-1132, 1999

35 "Decomposing adult age differences in working memory" 27 (27): 763-776, 1991

36 "Cognitive aging and physical exercise" 29 : 327-337, 2003

37 "Automatic category search and its transfer: Aging, type of search, and level of learning." 52B (52B): 91-102, 1997

38 "Aging and monitoring associative learning: Is monitoring accuracy spared of impaired?" 17 (17): 209-225, 2002

39 "Aging and memory: Cognitive and biological perspectives." Academic Press 1999

40 "Age-associated changes in cognitive function in highly educated adult: Emerging myths and realities." 15 : 75-85, 2000

41 "Age differences in the allocation of study time account for age differences in memory performance" 25 (25): 691-700, 1997

42 "Age differences in human memory Handbook of the psychology and aging" 384-420, 1977

43 "Age differences in fluid and crystallized intelligence" 26 : 107-129, 1967

44 "Age and WAIS-R intelligence in a national sample of adults in the 20 to 74 year age range:A cross-sectional analysis with educational level controlled" 13 : 235-253, 1989

45 "Adult age-group differences in recall for the literal and interpretive meanings of narrative text" 52B (52B): 187-195, 1997

46 "Adult age differences in the on-line processing of new concepts in discourse" 2 (2): 1-18, 1995

47 "Adult age differences in repetition priming" 539-553, 1994

48 "Acquiring skill at mental calculation in adulthood Journal of Experimental Psychology" 115-129, 1988

49 "A meta-analysis of age differences in job performance" 71 (71): 33-38, 1986

50 "A diffusion model analysis of the effects of aging on recognition memory" 50 : 408-424, 2004