The concept of change plays a pivotal role in cultivating students' historical thinking. While research on the concept of change has progressed both domestically and internationally, there is a relative scarcity of studies regarding how students in Ko...
The concept of change plays a pivotal role in cultivating students' historical thinking. While research on the concept of change has progressed both domestically and internationally, there is a relative scarcity of studies regarding how students in Korea understand this concept. Accordingly, this study conducted in-depth interviews with a total of 19 third-year middle school students from Haetbit Middle School and Byeolbit Middle School, utilizing 15 photographic and illustrative materials. Through these interviews, the study identified the students' understanding of progress, regression, and continuity, and synthesized these findings to analyze the patterns of their understanding of the concept of change.
The analysis revealed that participants perceived progress as "becoming beneficial," "emergence," or "current appearance," primarily associating it with materials related to machines or technology. Conversely, regression was understood as "becoming harmful," "decrease," or "reverse movement," with a tendency to perceive negative elements, such as environmental issues, as regression. Regarding continuity, participants understood it as things that have continued from the past or the linkage of changes; however, the majority perceived continuity simply as duration. Nevertheless, even among those who equated continuity with duration, there were instances where participants acknowledged that changes occurred while things continued from the past. These cases mainly involved responses stating that machines or technology continued but evolved into more advanced forms today, or that phenomena like air pollution or global warming continued but intensified in severity.
Synthesizing the participants' patterns of understanding regarding progress, regression, and continuity, it was found that while some participants understood these concepts through singular aspects, others exhibited complex patterns. Furthermore, most participants understood progress and regression as one-time events or phenomena rather than viewing them in conjunction with continuity.
Unlike previous studies, not all participants in this study perceived change solely as linear progress. This may be attributed to the specific characteristics of the topic—the Industrial Revolution—and the research methodology, which involved asking questions about each of the 15 materials individually.
Based on the responses regarding the relevance to change for materials 1 through 15, this study concretized the patterns of understanding change by level. The participants' understanding levels were categorized into four types: "Understanding change as a one-time event and phenomenon," "Understanding change within linkages," "Understanding change in the flow of a long time," and "Understanding change as a turning point." As suggested by previous research, the majority of participants understood change as the occurrence of one-time events and phenomena, indicating that the qualitative level of change understanding for most participants was not high.
However, it is noteworthy that some participants, despite having a generally low level of understanding, exhibited patterns of understanding change by connecting different changes, perceiving change over a long period, or identifying turning points regarding specific materials. This implies that even students with a lower level of understanding possess the potential to reach a qualitatively higher level of understanding of change. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that the quantity of historical content knowledge does not automatically translate into a qualitatively high understanding of change, thereby highlighting the critical role of teaching and learning in fostering students' understanding. Accordingly, based on the analysis of these patterns, this study proposed level-specific teaching and learning objectives regarding the concept of change for third-year middle school students.
In addition, although this study was designed taking into account the participants' socio-cultural factors—specifically their economic status—and did not yield significant conclusions in this regard, it derived three pedagogical implications. First, it is necessary to promote the advancement of understanding change even among students with low historical academic achievement by teaching change through appropriate instructional strategies. Second, although "continuity" and "duration" are concepts with overlapping characteristics and are often difficult to distinguish, they imply different aspects; therefore, it is essential to teach them by clearly differentiating between the two. Finally, it is necessary to progressively advance the qualitative level of students' understanding by integrating the concept of "Historical Significance" into the learning of change.