벼 大單位 增産團地栽培에 關한 經營實態調査 : 慶南地方의 5個 團地를 中心으로 = Comparative Study of Large Scale Cooperative and Individual Rice Farms in Five Districts in Gyeong-Nam Area

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Recently large scale cooperative rice production system has been promoted. This cooperative rice production system is intended to promote introducing a set of new technology which may not be suitable for individual small scale farms to adopt. And this system is believed to be one of important public programs to achieve productivity growth policy goal in Korea. Nevertheless, there seem to exist several problems for this public program to widely introduce to over-all nation. This is one of main objectives that this study intends to investigate.
In order to study comparative characteristics of the large scale rice cooperative farm in terms of resource base and organization 99 farms which are member farms and 100 farms which are non-member individual farms have been selected and interviewed from five large scale cooperative farm areas in Gyeong-Nam Province in 1974. The important findings can be summarized as follows:
1) Most of operators af both classes belong to age cohert 40∼50, but the average educational level for member farm operators is higher than that for non-member.
2) The average scale Of rice paddy for member farms, 13.1 tanbO, is larger than that for non-member, 10.6, and the same thing is true for average size of rice paddy plots which is, respectively, 805 pyeong and 690.
3) Completely irrigated paddy for member farms is 99 percent of total paddy owned whereas that for non-member is 81, and consolidated paddy for member farms is 67 percent while that for non-member is 26.4. On the other hand, technically improved paddy other than indicated above for member farms is 32 percent, but that for non-member is only 8.3.
4) Number of rice varieties adopted is 9 for both classes. The most popular variety for member farm is Akibare(36%) whereas that for non-member is Sadominori(29.3%) and Akibare (28.4%).
5) Labor used is 13.5 man per tanbo for member farms and 12.4 for non-member. More labor is used for improving soil quality and protection for member farms whereas less labor is used for preparatory works such as seed bed, sterilization, and water management in the case of the member farm.
6) In the case of member farms, the type of work which is achieved cooperatively by more than 70 percent is purchasing or exchaging seeds, sterilization, and plant protection. Despite seed bad, water management, transplanting and the like being more or less suitable for cooperative work, the proportion of those works done cooperatively is relatively small as compared to what we expected.
7) According to farmers interviewed, variety selection, plant protection, seed bed, transplanting fertilization, water management, and harvesting works are more easier for cooperation, in order importance.
8) Cooperative farmers were cultivating a leading variety, Tongil, which showed higher yields than ordinary varieties and had a desire to be released a new high yielding variety which has a characteristics of highly resistance to dsease and insect.
9) Cooperative farmers were forced to begin the nusery bed earlier than the individual farmers and to emphasize on the disease and insect control with more frequencies.
10) Cooperative farmers had benefits in the seedling transplanting earlier and higher planting density than individual farmers.
11) Cooperative farmers had an intention to apply a deep fertilization method arid to dress heavier nitrogen with a reasonable ratio of the basal fertilization to the top dressing.
12) Cooperative farmers had a convenient irrigation system and were available to adopt a summer drainage method.
13) Cooperative farmers controlled the weed with agricultural chemicals arid recognized the control effect of weedcides.
14) In general, it was recognized that there happened somewhat benefit result in disease control in the cooperative farm while a reasonable control effect was not found in heavy prevailing case. The dominant diseases found in the cooperative farm were sheath bright, strip disease and they were to he prevented with a strong efforts.
15) Rice stem borer and grass leaf roller were effelctivey controlled in the cooperative farm, however, plant hoppers was not completely controlled by the usual method because of its unexpected prevalence.
16) The most difficult thing to cooperate they indicate is to supply an adequate amount of labor at appropriate time in tire labor peak season. In this sense, it seems necessary to introduce field machinary in order to achieve the objective of large scale cooperative rice production.
17) Farmers interviewed believe that technology concerning yield increase is most important. in this respect, it is important to develop such new technology, to diseminate its results and to train good quality extension workers.
18) 42 percent of member farm operators indicate that the cooperative system was successful and 25 percent indicate failed. 29 percent of non-member farmers think that the cooperative farm system was successful and 7 percent of them think failed. Thus 55 percent of non-member farmers indicate they are willing to join to the system in the next year, 7 percent of them are not and others have not decided yet.
19) 60 percent of member farmers think that the scale and number of members of the system were too much large to successfully cooperate and 67 percent of them believe that cooperation among members were not very developed, and 42 percent of members suppose what the leader of individual active farms were not very well functioning.
20) Number of member farmers who believe that the yield level in this year is increased as compared that before joining to the system is 3,4 percent, and no one indicated that the yield level is decreased. On the other hand, 22 percent of them believe that by participating to the system the same quality of paddy could produce more rice.
21) About 93 percent of member farmers believe that the system may not lie survived without support of government and i priority must be given to yield technology.
22) About 80 percent of member operators indicate that they would partioipate to the program in the next production year and 23 percent of them indicate that they would participate with the same amount of paddy land as this year.
23) The rice yield level for member and non-member farms is, respectively, 406kg and 346 per tanbo, and the former is 17.3 percent higher than the latter.
24) The cash expenses per tanbo for member and non-member farms is, respectively, 12,311 won and 10,398.
25) The gross revenud per tanbo for both classes is, respectively, 60,024 won, and 51,303 when evaluated by the official price level, and the net income is, respectively, 47,713 won and 40,905.
As seen above, the fact that the rice yield level of member farmers, hence, the income level turns out to be higher seems to stem from two basic factors; that is, on the average, the member farmers are operating farm with an improved resource base and they seem to use more the so called conventional inputs with a better yield technology and management. Thus we may conclude that it is important to invest to improve resource quality, to innovate new yield technology and diseminate this innovation.
At the same time, in order to more promote the cooperative system, it seems desirable to solve the following problem areas:
1) Number of member farms and paddy area covered by one cooperaitve unit seems better not to he very large. This seems so because there is on much scale economies owing to the nature of technology available to adopt, whereas a large member unit may restrict opportunity of individual members to deeply involve in the process of decision making. Thus we recommend to continue to study finding an optimum size of the unit.
2) As implied already, quality as well as quantity of extension workers and other local officers who lead this program area crucial factor to expand number of unit of the system and hence to achieve the objective of the program.
3) In order to get rid of labor deficit, especially in the labor peak season farm mechanization seems necessary. For this matter, it is worthwhile to promote, first of all, to invent suitable field machinery, secondly, land consolidation and other land improvement projects, and thirdly to innovate a new technology system suitable to mechanized farming. At any rate, it is also necessary for the government to supply an adequate amount of credit and other administrative support.