안동지역 하천의 환경오염물질과 곤충면역 생체지표 분석 = Environmental Pollutants in Streams of Andong District and Insect Immune Biomarker

국문 초록 (Abstract)

경북 안동지역의 10개 하천 및 하천 주변으로부터 2004년 5월에 물, 토양, 퇴적물의 시료를 채취하였다. 이들 지역의 환경오염 수준을 평가하기 위해 표준공정시험법이나 U.S. EPA 법을 이용하여 시료 중의 총질소, 총인, 화학적 산소요구량, 중금속, 유기인 및 유기염소계 잔류농약, 그리고 dioxin-like PCBs 등의 오염물질의 분석을 실시하였으며, 이와 더불어 파밤나방(Spodoptera exigua)을 이용한 면역교란의 생체지표 분석을 병행하였다. 일반적으로 총질소가 9.12 mg/L 수준의 와야천을 제외하고는, 각 하천 중의 총질소, 총인, 화학적 산소요구량은 환경부에서 정한 허용기준치보다는 비교적 낮았다. 각 하천 시료 중의 납과 카드뮴의 함량은 허용 기준보다도 매우 낮았지만, 하천에 따라 차이가 있어서 미천, 길안천, 현하천의 납과 카드뮴 함유량은 다른 하천의 시료들에 비해서 몇 배 이상 높게 검출되었다. 잔류농약은 미천 주변의 토양에서 유기인계 살충제인 다이아지논, 파라치온, 그리고 펜토에이트가 0.19, 0.40, $1.13\;{\mu}g/g$ 농도로 검출되었다. 반면에 내분비계 교란물질로 알려져 있는 16종의 유기염소계 농약과 12종의 dioxin-like PCB congeners는 검출한계 미만으로는 확인할 수 없었다. 그러나 와야천의 시료에 대한 곤충면역 교란효과를 고려해 볼 때, 이 하천의 수질과 주변의 토양이 조사한 오염원 이외의 화합물에 오염되어 있을 가능성을 제시해 준다. 이상의 분석 결과를 토대로 화학적 및 생물학적 검정 기술의 제약점과 상호 보완성이 기술되었다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Samples of water, soil, and sediment were taken from 10 streams near Andong, Korea in May 2004. To assess the degree of environmental pollution of each stream, chemical pollutants such as total notrogen (T-N), total phosphorus (T-P), chemical oxygen demand (COD), heavy metals, organophosphorus pesticides, organochlorine pesticides, and dioxin-like PCB congeners were analyzed by standard process tests or U.S. EPA methods. In addition, biomarkers originated from insect immune systems of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, were used to analysis of the environmental samples. Except Waya-chun stream showing T-N content of 9.12 mg/L, most streams were contaminated with relatively low levels of overall pollutants in terms of T-N, T-P, and COD, compared to their acceptable environmental levels designated by the Ministry of Environment. Contents of Pb and Cd in samples of each stream were much lower than environmentally permissible levels. However, several times higherconcentrations of Pb and Cd were found in locations at Mi-chun, Kilan-chun, and Hyunha-chun streams, in comparison with other streams. Diazinon, parathion, and phenthoate compounds among organophosphorus pesticides were detected as concentrations of 0.19, 0.40, and $1.13\;{\mu}g/g$, respectively, from soil sample collected in the vicinity of Mi-chun stream. On the other hand, 16 organochlorine pesticides and 12 dioxin-like PCB congeners, known as endocrine disrupting chemicals, selected in this study were not found above the limit of detection. Biomarker analyses using insect immune responses indicated that Waya-chun stream was suspected as exposure to environmental pollutants. Limitation and compensation of both environmental analysis techniques are discussed.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 "mechanic and roles in pathology" 223-354, 1991

2 "environmental and mechanistic considerations which support the development of toxic equivalency factors" 51-88, 1990

3 "Xenorhabdus nematophilus inhibits p-bromophenacyl bromide (BPB)-sensitive PLA2 of Spodoptera exigua" 54 : 134-142, 2003

4 "Unified mechansim for sclerotization of insect cuticle" 229-334, 1998

5 "The bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila inhibits phospholipase A2 from insect, prokaryote, and vertebrate sources" 91 : 371-373, 2004

6 "Role of the prophenoloxidase-activating system in invertebrate immunity" 1998

7 "Limitations of the toxic equivalency factor approach for risk assessment of TCDD and related compounds" 17 : 285-304, 1998

8 "Levels of PCDDs and PCDFs in Korean river sediments and their detection by biomarkers" 2005

9 "Isolation and identification of a plasmatocyte-spreading peptide from the hemolymph of the lepidopteran insect Pseudoplusia includens" 272 : 23440-23447, 1997

10 "Insect hemocytes and their role in immunity" 32 : 1295-1309, 2002

11 "Hemocyte apoptosis induced by entomopathogenic bacteria, Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus, in Bombyx mori" 7 : 195-200, 2004

12 "Environmental water quality standards: New environmental science" Jigu Publishing Co 419-420, 1997

13 "Environmental Chemistry" Dong-Hwa Technology 2004

14 "Endocrine disruption in invertebrates: endocrinology, testing, and assessment." Jung- Haeng Sa 2004

15 "Eicosanoids rescue Spodoptera exigua infected with Xenorhabdus nematophilus, the symbiotic bacteria to the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae" 11 : 1469-1476, 2000

16 "Eicosanoids in invertebrate signal transduction systems" Princeton University Press Princeton 277-, 2000

17 "Editor of Dong-Hwa Technology Standard methods of water" 2003

18 "Development validation and problems with the toxic equivalency factor. Approach of risk assessment of dioxins and related compounds" 76 : 134-141, 1998

19 "Contamination and clean of soil environment" Goomibook 2003

20 "Comprehensive counterplan for the present environmental condition of the coastal district." 9 : 5-13, 2001

21 "Compilation of EPA's, U.S" CRC Press 1996

22 "Chemistry for environmental engineering" 2001

23 "Biological mediators of insect immunity" 29 : 180-183, 1997

24 "Bioindicators used in aquatic and terrestrial monitoring" 220-240, 1995

25 "Aqueous-phase oxidation of polychlorinated biphenyls of hydroxyl radicals" 1419-1427, 1991

26 "Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls in aqueous samples by microwave- assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction" 1-12, 2003

27 "An entomopathogenic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila, inhibits the expression of an antibacterial peptide, cecropin, of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua" 50 : 489-496, 2004