Control of dual-threat agents : the vaccines for peace programme

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Foreword = xi
• Preface = xiii
• Contributors = xiv
• Acronyms and abbreviations = xvi
• Part Ⅰ. Introduction
• Ⅰ. Introduction / Erhard Geisszer and John P. Woodall = 3
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 3
• Ⅱ. Vaccines for peace = 3
• Ⅲ. The Global Epidemiological Surveillance System proposal = 4
• Ⅳ. The Biesenthal Vaccine Initiative = 4
• 2. The Vaccines for Peace programme : executive summary / Erhard Geissler and John P. Woodall = 6
• Table 2.1. Implications of the VFP programme = 8
• 3. Arms control, health care and technology transfer under the Vaccines for Peace programme / Erhard Geissler = 10
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 10
• Ⅱ. Biological defence R&D raises suspicion of possible offensive intentions = 10
• Ⅲ. Protection of civilians against dual-threat agents = 16
• Ⅳ. Vaccine R&D and production for military purposes need not necessarily be carried out by the military = 21
• Ⅴ. The BWC lacks universal adherence = 22
• Ⅵ. The BWC is not free of loopholes = 23
• Ⅶ. Scientific and technological developments = 24
• Ⅷ. Verification = 25
• Ⅸ. Prevention of proliferation vs. enhancement of co-operation = 27
• Ⅹ. The technology gap between North and South increases = 31
• XI. Conversion of facilities involved in BW programmes = 32
• XII. Establishing the VFP programme = 33
• XIII. Conclusions = 37
• Table 3.1. Biological weapon status of selected countries, excluding Iraq = 16
• Table 3.2. Dual-threat agents known to have caused natural outbreaks of disease, 1985-88 = 17
• Table 3.3. Putative anti-personnel biological warfare agents = 29
• Part II. Strengthening the Biological Weapons Convention
• 4. The missing link in implementation of the BWC : the war against pathogens / Fe%lix C. Cazdero%n = 41
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 41
• Ⅱ. The rights of States Parties = 42
• Ⅲ. The Review Conferences = 44
• Ⅳ. Progress in the war against pathogens = 46
• 5. Vaccines for Peace : a political scientist's critique / Oliver Thra%%nert = 48
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 48
• Ⅱ. Does VFP lead to universality and prevent proliferation? = 48
• Ⅲ. Is the threshold for VFP participation high enough? = 51
• Ⅳ. Biological defence and national sovereignty = 52
• Ⅴ. Problems of establishing the VFP programme = 54
• Ⅵ. Conclusion = 54
• 6. Control and co-operation in biological defence research : national programmes and international accountability / Nicholas A. Sims = 56
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 56
• Ⅱ. Return to earlier proposals = 56
• Ⅲ. International accountability through greater openness = 57
• Ⅳ. International control = 58
• Ⅴ. Transparency mechanisms = 61
• Ⅵ. Demonstrating compliance = 63
• Ⅶ. Civil-military co-operation = 65
• 7. Verification of the BWC / Tibor To$$\dot o$$th, Erhard Geissler and Thomas Stock = 67
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 67
• Ⅱ. Identification of potential verification measures : VEREX I = 69
• Ⅲ. Evaluation of possible verification measures : VEREX II-IV = 72
• Ⅳ. Lessons from the CWC negotiations = 74
• Table 7.1. Potential verification measures = 70
• Table 7.2. Illustrative examples of combinations of potential verification measures = 73
• 8. The conversion of biological warfare research and development facilities to peaceful uses / Milton Leitenberg = 77
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 77
• Ⅱ. The conversion of the US biological warfare facilities = 82
• Ⅲ. The biological warfare facilities of the former Soviet Union = 89
• Ⅳ. Conversion of the former Soviet biological warfare facilities = 97
• Ⅴ. Prerequisites for conversion = 102
• Table 8.1. Destruction of US biological warfare agents = 84
• Part Ⅲ. Vaccine R&D and production
• 9. Viral vaccines : their evolution and current trends / Florian Horaud = 109
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 109
• Ⅱ. Empiricism and efficacy = 109
• Ⅲ. Safety of viral vaccines : the past = 110
• Ⅳ. Safety and efficacy of viral vaccines : the present = l13
• Ⅴ. Recently licensed vaccines = 115
• Ⅵ. Making vaccines by new technology = 117
• Ⅶ. Desirable viral vaccines = 118
• Table 9.1. Human viral vaccines currently in use = 111
• Table 9.2. An historical account of viral vaccine development = 112
• Table 9.3. Examples of accidents induced by viral vaccines = 113
• Table 9.4. Main factors that contributed to the safety of viral vaccines = 114
• 10.Human viral vaccines / Nizar Ajjan, Pierre Saliou and Louis Valette = 120
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 120
• Ⅱ. Measles vaccine = 121
• Ⅲ. Rubella vaccine = 121
• Ⅳ. Mumps vaccine = 122
• Ⅴ. Poliomyelitis vaccine = 122
• Ⅵ. Influenza vaccine = 124
• Ⅶ. Hepatitis vaccine = 124
• ⅧI. Rabies vaccine = 125
• Ⅸ. Haemorrhagic fever vaccines = 126
• Ⅹ. Herpes virus vaccines = 126
• XI. Rotavirus vaccine = 128
• XII. Discussion = 128
• XIII. Conclusion = 128
• 11. Viral vaccine research, development and production in the former Soviet Union : a brief review of the situation / Sergey G. Drozdov = 129
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 129
• Ⅱ. Poliovirus vaccine = 129
• Ⅲ. Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine = 130
• Ⅳ. Hepatitis vaccines = 131
• Ⅴ. Conclusion = 132
• 12. The Scientific and Production Association Vector : the current situation / Sergey V. Netesov = 133
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 133
• Ⅱ. Basic research = 133
• Ⅲ. Applied research = 134
• Ⅳ. Challenges and opportunities = 135
• Table 12.1. Main achievements of the Institute of Molecular Biology = 134
• Table 12.2. Basic research at the Institute of Molecular Biology = 135
• Table 12.3. Applied research at the Institute of Molecular Biology = 136
• Table 12.4. The Institute of Biologically Active Substances = 137
• Table 12.5. The Experimental Production Plant = 137
• 13. Vaccines agai nst dual-threat agents : regulation and quality, issues and constraints / Jack Melling = 139
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 139
• Ⅱ. Product licensing issues = 140
• Ⅲ. Manufacture = 145
• Ⅳ. Conclusions = 146
• Part Ⅳ. Public health and biological defence
• 14. Vaccines for biological defence : defence considerations / Graham S. Pearson = 151
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 151
• Ⅱ. Why is biological defence important? = 152
• Ⅲ. Elements of biological defence = 154
• Ⅳ. Medical countermeasures = 156
• Ⅴ. The aim of biological defence = 156
• Ⅵ. The BWC = 157
• Ⅶ. Vaccines for biological defence = 158
• Ⅷ. Vaccines for civil use = 160
• Ⅸ. International development and use of vaccines = 160
• Ⅹ. Conclusions = 161
• Table 14.1. Comparison of conventional, chemical, biological and nuclear warheads = 153
• Table 14.2. Vaccines for public health and defence = 161
• 15. Molecular aspects of the activity and design of antiviral agents / Peter Langen = 163
• Ⅰ Introduction = 163
• Ⅱ. The current situation = 163
• Ⅲ. Antiviral agents = 164
• Ⅳ. Antiviral agents and the Vaccines for Peace programme = 166
• Table 15.1. Proteins encoded by virus genomes as targets for antiviral compounds = 164
• Table 15.2. Current status of chemotherapy against cancer cells, bacteria and viruses = 165
• 16. Vaccines for public health : can Vaccines for Peace help in the war against disease? / Stephen S. Morse = 168
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 168
• Ⅱ. Comparison of emerging diseases and BW agents = 168
• Ⅲ. Is it possible to be prepared for emerging diseases? = 170
• Ⅳ. The need for preparedness = 171
• Ⅴ. Possible defences against emerging diseases = 172
• Ⅵ. Constraints on developing vaccines for emerging diseases indicate a role for new programmes = 173
• Table 16.1. Some examples of 'emerging' viruses = 169
• Table 16.2. Some emerging viruses and probable factors in their emergence = 171
• 17. The Global Epidemiological Surveillance System and Vaccines for Peace : complementary initiatives in public health and weapon control / Mark L. Wheelis = 176
• Ⅰ. Global epidemiological surveillance = 176
• Ⅱ. Relationship to the Vaccines for peace programme = 179
• Ⅲ. Conclusion and recommendations = 181
• Part Ⅴ. International programmes for prevention of disease
• 18. The WHO global smallpox eradication programme : vaccine supply and variola virus stocks / Frank Fenner = 185
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 185
• Ⅱ. The early history of vaccination = 186
• Ⅲ. The WHO Smallpox Eradication Programme, 1959-66 = 187
• Ⅳ. The WHO Intensified Smallpox Eradication Programme, 1967-80 = 188
• Ⅴ. Assuring the quality of vaccine = 188
• Ⅵ. The WHO Reference Centres for Smallpox Vaccine = 191
• Ⅶ. Development of improved vaccines = 193
• Ⅷ. Methods of vaccination = 197
• Ⅸ. Reasons for the success of the Intensified Smallpox Eradication Programme = 197
• Ⅹ. The use of variola virus as a biological warfare agent = 199
• �. Summary = 202
• Table 18.1. Countries believed to have endemic smallpox in 1959 and 1967 : summary by continent = 188
• Table 18.2. Initial potency of three production lots of vaccine, 1967 = 192
• Table 18.3. Heat stability (4 weeks at 37"C) of three production lots of vaccine, 1967 = 192
• Table 18.4. Bacterial counts of three production lots of vaccine, 1967 = 192
• Table 18.5. Testing of production batches by the International Reference Centres, 1967 = 193
• Table 18.6. Results of quality-control testing by the International Reference Centres, 1967-80 = 195
• Table 18.7. Smallpox vaccine production in densely populated endemic countries = 195
• Table 18.8. Biological and socio-political features of smallpox that made its global eradication possible = 198
• Table 18.9. Laboratories holding variola virus in 1975, and the reduction in numbers as of July 1977 = 200
• Table 18.10. Laboratories holding variola virus stocks at the end of calendar years 1977-83 = 200
• Figure 18.1. Locations of various categories of producers of freeze-dried smallpox vaccine, 1967-79 : and of the WHO Reference Centre for Smallpox Vaccine far the Americas (Toronto, Canada) and the WHO International Reference Centre for Smallpox Vaccine (Bilthoven, the Netherlands) = 194
• Figure 18.2. Vaccination with the bifurcated needle = 196
• 19. Options for the development and transfer of vaccine technology / Devaguptapu Subrahmanyam = 203
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 203
• Ⅱ. The role of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization = 203
• Ⅲ. Health-care problems in developing countries = 204
• Ⅳ. International efforts for controlling infections through vaccination = 204
• Ⅴ. The current vaccine-production scenario in the developing countries = 205
• Ⅵ. The need for a long-term strategy = 206
• Ⅶ. New research developments = 206
• Ⅷ. Vaccine-production problems and possible solutions = 207
• Ⅸ. Technical support to vaccine-manufacturing centres = 209
• Ⅹ. Biotechnology development in developing countries = 209
• XI. Conclusions = 212
• 20. Funding and managing international programmes in biosciences and health care / John P. Woodall = 213
• Ⅰ. Funding = 213
• Ⅱ. Managing = 215
• Part Ⅵ. Final discussion
• 21. From BVI to VFP : towards a system of global biological security / Erhard Geissler, F$$\dot e$$lix C. Calder$$\dot o$$n ; John P. Woodall = 219
• Ⅰ. The Biesenthal Vaccine Initiative = 219
• Ⅱ. VFP vs. Atoms for Peace = 220
• Ⅲ. Conversion = 222
• Ⅳ. Dual-threat agents = 223
• Ⅴ. Different vaccines for public health and military defence? = 226
• Ⅵ. Biological terrorism = 228
• Ⅶ. National vs. international biological defence = 229
• Ⅷ. Production and stockpiling of vaccines = 231
• Ⅸ. Deterrence = 231
• Ⅹ Verification = 232
• XI. The Global Epidemiological Surveillance System proposal = 233
• XII. VFP and ProMED would avoid the need for definitions = 235
• XIII. Proliferation = 235
• XIV. Participation in the BWC = 237
• XV. Co-ordination = 238
• XVI. Funding = 238
• XVII. Conclusions and recommendations = 239
• Table 21.1. Diseases in developing countries ranked by total disease burden = 224
• Table 21.2. Putative BW agents that cause emerging diseases and their mode of transmission = 225
• Part VII. Annexes
• Annexe A. The 1972 Biological Weapons Convention = 243
• Annexe B. Final Declaration of the Third Review Conference of the BWC = 246
• Annexe C. The Biesenthal Vaccine Initiative (Vaccines for Peace) Biesenthal Consensus = 255
• Annexe D. The Biesenthal Vaccine Initiative Mission Statement = 258
• Annexe E. Mission Statement of the Federation of American Scientists (FAS) Project on the Global Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases = 259
• Annexe F. US House of Representatives Resolution H. R. 5241 = 261
• SIPRI publications on CBW = 264