'東北工程' 前史- 傅斯年의 『東北史綱』비판 = When Patriotism Meets Positivistic Historiography: The Critique of Fu Sinian(1896-1950)'s Dong-bei shi-gang

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper critically examines the first volume of Dong-bei shi-gang (The Outline of History of Northeast China) written by Fu Sinian, often depicted as ‘Chinese Ranke’for his lifelong emphasis on rigorous, scientific historical research, and Li Chi’s Manchuria in History which briefly summarized the works of Fu and his associates. Published in 1932, Fu’s work has been considered as the first modern historical work done by a Chinese scholar in this area. Immediately after the Japanese Kwantung Army invaded Manchuria in September 1931 (generally known as the Mukden Incident), Fu’s nationalist feeling led him to initiate a research project on the history of Manchuria and subsequently intended to publish its findings under the title of Dong-bei shi-gang. The main purpose of his project was to refute a popular claim by Japanese scholars that Manchuria was not a part of China proper.
In defense of China’s territorial integrity, Fu and his colleagues wanted to prove the fact that Manchuria had been an integral part of Chinese history for three millennia without any discontinuity. In brief, their main arguments have three points. First, judging from mythological, archaeological, and linguistic findings, the ancient inhabitants of Manchuria were identical to those in North China and shared in the early Chinese civilization. Thus Fu asserted that Manchuria was one of the original cradles of Chinese civilization. Second, seen from recorded history, Manchuria had been governed by a Chinese bureaucratic system. Third, in prehistoric and much of historic times, Manchuria and Korea maintained only minimal communication with Japan.
After the publication, however, Fu’s treatise drew much criticism not only from Japanese scholars but also from other Chinese historians for having intentionally neglected accepted historical facts to bolster his assertions. Indeed, the mistakes and distortions he made are partly attributable to his lack of knowledge in this area. Fu was not an expert in this field and had insufficient preparation for taking on such a time-consuming task. In addition, the tension between historical objectivity and urgent political needs also played a crucial role. Due to his patriotic motivation, Fu decided to downplay the evidence favorable to the claims made in Japanese propaganda.
Likewise, Li’s Manchuria in History revealed the same prejudice since he also treated the history of Manchuria as a mere reflection of Chinese history. It was, therefore, such a hopeless project from the beginning that their desperate efforts to rescue the history of Manchuria from Japanese invaders resulted in simply replacing Japanese vision with the perspective of Chinese nationalism. About 70 years later, the so-called Northeast Project, initiated by the government-affiliated research institute of the People’s Republic of China, has shown problems similar to Fu and his associates when it began to distort ancient Korean history for the purpose of consolidating China’s sovereignty and territoriality on Manchuria.

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