World faiths

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Foreword = ⅶ
• Preface = ⅸ
• 1 UNDERSTANDING RELIGION = 1
• What Is Religion? = 1
• Etymological Definitions = 1
• Subjective Definitions = 2
• Objective Definitions = 2
• A Proposed Definition = 4
• The Study of Religion = 6
• Why Study Religion? = 6
• Approaches to the Study of Religion = 7
• Approaches and Goals = 8
• Specific Structure = 12
• Proper Point of View = 14
• Notes = 15
• 2 RELIGION IN PREHISTORY = 17
• Archeological Discoveries = 17
• Human Skulls = 17
• Bear Skulls = 19
• Corpses = 20
• Works of Art = 22
• Massive Stone Structures = 24
• Prehistoric Civilization = 26
• 3 AFRICAN RELIGION = 27
• The Study of African Religion = 27
• Meaning of African Religion = 27
• From Cultural Prejudices to Scholarly Studies = 28
• African Religion in Historical Perspective = 29
• Beginnings = 29
• Precolonial Period = 30
• European Impact = 31
• Religious Interactions : Christian, Muslim, African = 32
• Spread of Christianity and Islam = 32
• Impact of Christianity and Islam = 33
• New Syncretistic Movements = 34
• African Traditional Religions = 35
• Dinka Religion = 35
• Yoruba Religion = 37
• Patterns of Belief = 39
• Manifestations of Religious Activity = 45
• Notes = 50
• 4 AMERICAN INDIAN TRADITIONS = 53
• Traditional Characteristics = 53
• Origins = 54
• Mayans = 55
• Sources of Mayan Religion = 56
• Mayan Beliefs = 56
• Mayan Practices = 58
• Aztecs = 59
• Sources of Aztec Religion = 60
• Aztec Beliefs = 60
• Aztec Practices = 61
• Modern American Indians = 62
• American Indian Creation Myths = 64
• American Indian Ceremonials = 65
• American Indian Values = 69
• Modern Trends = 72
• Notes = 73
• 5 HINDUISM = 75
• Hindu characteristics = 75
• Historical Background = 75
• Hindu Scriptures = 76
• Hindu Mythology = 79
• Development of Hinduism = 79
• Vedic Deities = 79
• The One = 81
• Brahman-Atman = 83
• Reincarnation = 86
• Caste = 88
• Stages of Life = 90
• Paths to Emancipation = 91
• Karma Marga = 91
• Jnana Marga = 93
• Bhakti Marga = 96
• Forms of Hinduism = 98
• The Trimurti = 98
• Shaktism and Tantrism = 100
• Folk Hinduism = 100
• Cow Veneration = 103
• Hindu Observances = 104
• Ritual Purification = 104
• Devotional Ritual = 104
• Pilgrimages = 106
• Religious Festivals = 106
• Evolution of Modern Hinduism = 109
• Hindu-Muslim Encounters = 112
• Hindu-Christian Encounters = 112
• Women and Modernity = 115
• Notes = 117
• 6 BUDDHISM = 119
• Historical Background = 119
• Gautama Buddha = 120
• Early Life = 120
• Four Sights = 121
• Quest for Truth = 121
• Temptations of Buddha = 123
• The Great Enlightenment = 123
• First Discourse = 124
• Foudinf of the Sangha = 124
• Buddha's Teachings = 126
• Development of Buddhism = 132
• Early Counils = 132
• Establishment of Monastic Orders = 133
• Spread of Buddhism = 134
• Strength of Buddhism = 140
• Women in Buddhist History = 140
• Modern Trends = 141
• Buddhist Scriptures = 142
• Buddhist Groups = 143
• Theravada Buddhism = 143
• Mahayana Buddhism = 144
• Tantrism = 148
• Buddhist Observances = 149
• Relics = 149
• Image Worship = 150
• Precepts = 151
• Pilgrimages = 151
• Devotional Rites = 151
• Memorials and Festivals = 152
• Notes = 153
• 7 JAINISM AND SIKHISM = 157
• Jainism = 157
• Historical Background = 157
• Mahavira = 157
• Mahavira and Hindu Tradition = 159
• The Five Great Vows = 160
• Jain Groups = 160
• Jain Scriptures = 162
• Jain Teachings = 162
• Jain Practices and Institutions = 164
• Sikhism = 166
• Historical Background = 166
• Gurn Nanak = 167
• Succession of Gurus = 168
• Khalsa = 170
• Militant Sikhism = 170
• Sikh Scripture = 171
• Sikh Teachings = 171
• Sikh Groups = 172
• Sikh Ceremonies and Observances = 173
• Modern Trends = 175
• Notes = 176
• 8 TAOISM AND CONFUCIANISM = 177
• Early Chinese Religion = 178
• Historical Background = 178
• Five Classics = 179
• Deities and Spirits = 180
• Yin - Yang = 181
• Divination = 182
• Emperor Rites = 182
• Ancestor Rites = 183
• Rival Philosophical Schools = 184
• Taoism = 185
• Lao Tzu = 185
• Taoist Sciptures = 186
• Taoist Concepts = 188
• Taoism Through the Ages = 191
• Confucianism = 194
• Historical Background = 194
• Confucius = 196
• Teachings of Confucius = 199
• Confucian Canon = 202
• Confucianism through the Ages = 203
• Women and Cahnging Traditions = 208
• Chinese Observaces = 210
• Devotional Functions = 211
• Ceremonies and Festivals = 212
• Notes = 214
• 9 SHINTO = 217
• Characteristics = 217
• Concept of Kami = 218
• Gods, Nature, and Human Beings = 218
• Scriptures = 219
• Mythology = 220
• Shinto through the Ages = 220
• Early Shinto = 220
• Shinto, Confucianism, and Buddhism = 223
• Shinto and Christianity = 225
• State Shinto = 227
• Women in Shinto Tradition = 230
• Shinto Groups = 231
• Shrine Shinto = 231
• Sectarian Shinto = 233
• Folk(Popular) Shinto = 237
• New Religions = 238
• Shinto Observances = 239
• Festivals = 240
• Notes = 243
• 10 ROOTS OF WESTERN RELIGIONS = 245
• The Middle East = 245
• Mesopotamian Religion = 246
• Historical Background = 246
• Mesopotamian Pantheon = 248
• Cult Practices = 250
• Religious Festivals = 250
• The Ziggurat = 251
• Mythologies = 251
• Egyptian Religion = 253
• Historical Background = 253
• Pharaoh Worship = 255
• Animal Cult = 255
• Egyptian Deities = 256
• Death and Resurrection of Osiris = 258
• Monotheism : Worship of Aton = 259
• Death, Heaven, and Hell = 260
• Temples, Sphinxes, and Pyramids = 261
• Religious Festivals = 262
• Occult Practices = 263
• Mythologies = 264
• Greek Religion = 264
• Historical Background = 264
• Early Greek Religion = 265
• Greek Pantheon = 267
• Intellectual Views = 269
• Popular Religion = 271
• Mystery Religions = 275
• Greek Mythology = 277
• Hellenistic Religions = 278
• Roman Religion = 278
• Historical Background = 278
• Numina = 280
• Deities = 281
• Priests, Diviners, and Cultic Functionaries = 282
• Roman Religious Festivals = 283
• Foreign Accretions = 285
• Emperor Worsship = 291
• Themes and Foreshadowings = 292
• Notes = 294
• 11 ZOROASTRIANISM = 297
• Historical Backround = 298
• Zoroaster = 299
• Revelation and Mission = 301
• Teachings = 302
• HIstorical Development of Zoroastrianism = 304
• Achaemenid Period = 304
• Seleucid Period = 305
• Parthian Period = 305
• Sassanid Period = 306
• Exile and Survival = 307
• Zoroastrian Scriptures = 308
• Zoroastrian Teachings = 309
• Human Choice = 309
• Cosmic Dualism : Ahura Mazda versus Ahriman = 310
• Judgment, Resurrection, Eternal Life = 310
• Creation, Time, Eschatology = 311
• Zoroastrian Observances = 313
• Naojote = 313
• Purification = 315
• Death = 315
• Fire = 315
• Ceremonies = 316
• Festivals = 317
• Sects = 318
• Modern Trends = 318
• Notes = 320
• 12 JUDAISM = 323
• Historical Background = 323
• Canaanites = 324
• Philistines = 325
• The Patriarchs = 325
• Moses = 327
• Biblical Religion = 330
• Judges and Monarchs = 330
• Prophets = 332
• Exile = 333
• Rise of Judaism = 334
• Scribes and Priests = 334
• Jewish-Persian Contact = 335
• Jewish-Hellenistic Contact = 337
• The Bible = 340
• Torah = 341
• Prophets = 344
• Writings = 346
• Talmud and Midrash = 348
• Noncanonical Material = 350
• Jewish Teachings = 351
• Jewish Groups = 353
• Jewish Observances = 356
• Holy Days = 358
• Festivals = 358
• Modern Judaism = 360
• The Diaspora = 360
• State of Israel = 362
• Status of Women = 365
• Notes = 367
• 13 CHRISTIANITY = 369
• Historical Background = 369
• Christian Scriptures = 371
• Jesus Christ = 372
• Primary Sources = 372
• Early Life of Jesus = 373
• Baptism and Temptation = 374
• Mission and Crucifixion = 375
• Resurrection and Ascension = 376
• Teachings = 377
• Paul = 382
• Early Christianity = 385
• Christianity and Medieval Society = 390
• Spread of Christianity = 390
• Rivalries and persecutions = 392
• Reformation and Counter-Reformation = 395
• The Enlightenment = 397
• Modern Christianity = 400
• Religious Movements = 400
• Ecumenism = 401
• Religious Pluralism = 402
• Emancipation of Women = 406
• Christian Teachings = 408
• Christian Sacraments = 410
• Christian Observances = 412
• Veneration of Saints = 412
• Liturgical Calendar = 412
• Notes = 414
• 14 ISLAM = 417
• Misrepresentations of Islam = 417
• Historical Background = 419
• Muhammad the Prophet = 419
• Divine Call and Revelation = 420
• Establishment of Islamic Community = 421
• Islamic Empiress = 424
• Establishment of the Caliphate = 424
• Conquest and Settlement = 425
• Mongol Empire (c. 1200-1368) = 428
• Ottoman Empire (c. 1300-1922) = 429
• Mughal Empire (1526-1857) = 430
• Persecution and Decline = 431
• Abolishment of the Caliphate = 433
• Modern Trends = 434
• Role of Women = 434
• Coniflict of Values = 436
• Qur'an = 437
• Hadith = 441
• Islamic Teachings = 442
• Articles of Faith = 442
• The Five Pillars of Islam = 455
• Jihad (Holy War) = 448
• Shari'ah (Divine Law) = 449
• Islamic Groups = 450
• Khariji = 450
• Sunni and Shi'ite = 451
• Sufi = 452
• Islamic Observances = 453
• Friday Prayer = 454
• Festivals = 454
• Muharram = 455
• Other Memorials = 456
• NOTES = 456
• 15 BAHA'I = 459
• Beginnings = 459
• The Bab (1819-1850) = 460
• Baa'u'llah (1817-1892) = 460
• Abdul Baha (1844-1921) = 462
• Shoghi Effendi (1896-1957) = 463
• Baha'i Scriptures = 463
• Baha'i Teachings = 463
• Baha'i Worship = 466
• Baha'i Obligations = 468
• Spread of Baha'i Faith = 468
• Baha'i Festivals = 469
• Notes = 470
• 16 RELIGION IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE = 471
• Global Awareness = 471
• New Religious Movements = 472
• Comparison of Religions = 473
• Obedience, Belief, or Submission? = 475
• Similarities and Differences in Ultimate Goals = 477
• Comparing Eastern Religions = 478
• Notes = 480
• Glossary = 481
• Bibliography = 491
• Index = 521